英語四級預測作文范文
時間:2023-03-16 20:13:51
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篇1
a)社會實踐的作用b)可能產生的問題c)提出建議
可參考[問題解決型模板]
劃線句子也可作為模板
Social Practice
Social practice has been more and more popular inuniversities and colleges. Students are asked to enter society and get someidea of it. Surely social practice has many advantages.Firstly, social practicecan offer students a chance to contact society and meet different kinds ofpeople. In this waystudents can gain some valuable social experience, whichwill be useful to their future career. Secondly, students can apply what theyhave learned in class to practical work, thus knowing themselves more clearly.Thirdly, social practice can bring them some financial reward and make themmore independent of their family. (描述問題段)
However, some problems may arise if no correct guidanceis made. For example, some students get overly interested in social practiceand want to work full-time and earn money, thus neglecting theirstudies.Andsome students are likely to get in touch with the dark side ofsociety, which will affect their future studies。(說明問題段)
篇2
預測題目:
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying "The beautiful thing about learning is that nobody can take that away from you." You can cite examples to illustrate the beauty and features of knowledge. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
參考范文:
The Beauty of Knowledge
Praise of knowledge has never come to an end since ancient times. Apparently, knowledge is a treasure that everybody volunteers to possess and much of success could be attributed to it directly or indirectly.
As far as I am concerned, the beauty of knowledge can be explained in three aspects.
篇3
一、主題作文及圖畫作文的模板:
These days 現象 often hits the headlines of newspapers and has been brought into focus of the public. Just as the picture shown that… (如果是圖畫作文可以寫出具體的現象或問題,也可以一句話描述圖畫:As is vividly illustrated above, in the +地方 +動詞(be, come, run, walk, jump, sit, stand, lie, crouch, float等)+主題詞,非謂語動詞/非限制性定語從句,獨立主格/非限制性定語從句。) Indeed, it is widely accepted / acknowledged that it has gained increasing popularity among people in all walks of life/ college students.
Those who are in favor of 現象 maintain that 描述觀點1. In their view, 闡釋觀點1. On the contrary, those who are against 現象 hold/ point out that 描述觀點2. Besides, 闡釋證實觀點2 . (第二段可以根據文章來分析原因,影響,優點或缺點等。)
It is high time we put an end to the undesirable phenomenon of… (虛擬語氣的句子) 然后再分條來說明措施。On the one hand, … on the other hand, … I believe we humans can overcome this difficulty and we will have a brighter future.
改革之后,圖畫作文考的比較多,無論是圖畫作文還是主題作文,上面的結構是可以通用的,考生可以重點記下圖畫作文與主題作文的句型。
二、圖表作文各段的通用模板:
As is seen from the graph/chart, we can draw a conclusion that the number of …….decreased. Of these, the number of …….decreased the most, from …. in 1985 to ….. in 2000(根據圖表寫年代). On the contrary, the number of …….increased.
There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. Above all (To begin with), …….. In addition (What is more), ………
In my personal sense, it is imperative for us to take steps to reverse the disturbing trend illustrated in the charts. First and foremost,…….Last but not least,………Owing to +主題, not only can we accumulate wealth, but also establish our career, fit into society and even attain social status.
對于圖表作文,考生也要了解并熟悉其結構和句型。我們在準備時一定要充分,不放棄任何一種題型。
四級作文萬能模板:
1.2015英語四級作文萬能模板
2.英語四級作文萬能模板最新
3.2015年12月四級作文預測:關于霧霾
篇4
(1) 要求論述兩個對立的觀點并給出自己的看法。
1. 有一些人認為。。。
2. 另一些人認為。。。
3. 我的看法。。。
The topic of ①-----------------(主題)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-------------理由二). Moreover, ④---------------(理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥------------------(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三).
From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------(我的觀點). The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
(2) 給出一個觀點,要求考生反對這一觀點
Some people believe that ①----------------(觀點一). For example, they think ②-----------------(舉例說明).And it will bring them ③-----------------(為他們帶來的好處).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-------------(我不同意該看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反對的理由之二).
Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我對文章所討論主題的看法).
闡述主題題型
要求從一句話或一個主題出發,按照提綱的要求進行論述。
1.闡述名言或主題所蘊涵的意義。
2.分析并舉例使其更充實。
The good old proverb ----------------(名言或諺語)reminds us that ----------------(釋義). Indeed, we can learn many things form it.
First of all,-----------------(理由一). For example, -------------------(舉例說明). Secondly,----------------(理由二). Another case is that ---------------(舉例說明). Furthermore , ------------------(理由三).
In my opinion, ----------------(我的觀點). In short, whatever you do, please remember the say------A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it. From Joozone.com.
解決方法題型
要求考生列舉出解決問題的多種途徑
1.問題現狀
2.怎樣解決(解決方案的優缺點)
In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(說明A的現狀).Second, ---------------(舉例進一步說明現狀)
Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解決方法一). For another -------------(解決方法二). Finally, --------------(解決方法三).
Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解決方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(帶來的好處).
說明利弊題型
這種題型往往要求先說明一下現狀,再對比事物本身的利弊,有時也會單從一個角度(利或弊)出發,最后往往要求考生表明自己的態度(或對事物前景提出預測)
1.說明事物現狀
2.事物本身的優缺點(或一方面)
3.你對現狀(或前景)的看法
Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------(A的優點之一). Besides -------------------(A的優點之二).
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一個缺點).To make matters worse,------------------(A的第二個缺點).
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法).
(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ---------------(對前景的預測).)
議論文的框架
(1) 不同觀點列舉型( 選擇型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文題目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 觀點一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___觀點一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___觀點二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___觀點二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __觀點一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的議論文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文題目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __題目議題_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___優點一______. And secondly ___優點二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __討論議題______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺點一______. In addition, ____缺點二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __討論議題____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____討論議題___.
( 3 ) 答題性議論文 來自作文地帶
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文題目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途徑一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途徑二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文題目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
( 4 ) 諺語警句性議論文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___諺語_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____諺語的含義_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____諺語_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____諺語_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
圖表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文題目的議題_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
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篇5
對比觀點題型
(1) 要求論述兩個對立的觀點并給出自己的看法。
1.有一些人認為……
2.另一些人認為……
3.我的看法……
The topic of ①________(主題)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②________(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③________(理由二). Moreover, ④________(理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,________(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥____________(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦____________(理由三).
From my point of view, I think ⑧________(我的觀點). The reason is that ⑨____________(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
(2) 給出一個觀點,要求考生反對這一觀點Some people believe that ①________(觀點一). For example, they think ②________(舉例說明).And it will bring them ③________(為他們帶來的好處).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④____(我不同意該看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤____(反對的理由之二). Form all what I have said,I agree to the thought that ⑥____(我對文章所討論主題的看法). 闡述主題題型
要求從一句話或一個主題出發,按照提綱的要求進行論述.
1. 闡述名言或主題所蘊涵的意義.
2. 分析并舉例使其更充實.
The good old proverb ________(名言或諺語)reminds us that ________(釋義). Indeed, we can learn many things form it.
First of all,________(理由一). For example, ____________(舉例說明).
Secondly,________(理由二). Another case is that ________(舉例說明). Furthermore , ____________(理由三).
In my opinion, ________(我的觀點). In short, whatever you do, please remember the say____A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it.
解決方法題型
要求考生列舉出解決問題的多種途徑
1. 問題現狀
2. 怎樣解決(解決方案的優缺點)
In recent days, we have to face I problem——A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ________(說明A的現狀).Second, ________(舉例進一步說明現狀)
Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ________(解決方法一). For another ________(解決方法二). Finally, ________(解決方法三).
Personally, I believe that ________(我的解決方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________(帶來的好處).
四、說明利弊題型
這種題型往往要求先說明一下現狀,再對比事物本身的利弊,有時也會單從一個角度(利或弊)出發,最后往往要求考生表明自己的態度(或對事物前景提出預測)
1. 說明事物現狀
2. 事物本身的優缺點(或一方面)
3. 你對現狀(或前景)的看法
Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ________(A的優點之一). Besides ____________(A的優點之二).
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________(A的第一個缺點).To make matters worse,____________(A的第二個缺點).
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ________(我的看法).
(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ________(對前景的預測
議論文的框架
(1) 不同觀點列舉型( 選擇型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文題目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.
A majority of people think that _ 觀點一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一
_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___觀點一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some
people hold the idea that ___觀點二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___觀點二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __觀點一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的議論文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文題目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __題目議題_____. Generally
speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___優點一______. And secondly ___優點二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __討論議題______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺點一______. In addition, ____ 缺點二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __討論議題____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____討論議題___.
(3)答題性議論文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文題目
_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.英語四級英譯漢的目的,要求和評分
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途徑一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途徑二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文題目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 諺語警句性議論文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___諺語_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____諺語的含義_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____諺語_____.
篇6
關鍵詞:認知策略; 元認知策略; 測試表現; TEM4成績
中圖分類號:H319.3 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-3315(2013)09-129-003
一、引言
在英語教學中我們經常會發現,有些學生在語言學習方面的表現要優于其他學生,這些學生背單詞、記課文的速度快,似乎不用花太多時間和精力就能輕松地在考試時取得較好的成績。那么除卻天生智力因素的不同,是什么使得這樣的差別存在呢?其中之一就是學生對語言學習策略的使用(Dreyer & Oxford, 1996)。根據學習者策略的定義和分類,近年來大量研究調查了策略使用與語言表現間的關系并得出一個普遍結論,即語言學習更成功、成績更優秀的學生能更頻繁和靈活的使用策略(O’Malley 和Chamot,1990;Anderson,1991;Zhang,2010)。Song和Cheng (2006)對中國大學生語言學習策略使用與大學英語四級測試表現間關系的調研顯示,中國大學生在語言學習中使用元認知策略比認知策略多,推理是他們最多使用的具體策略,也是對其測試成績最好的預測指標。基于上述研究,本研究旨在尋找研究對象的元認知策略、認知策略的使用情況及其與英語專業四級測試(TEM4)表現間的關系,以期為TEM4考試的準備提出指導建議。
二、學習策略與語言測試表現
所謂學習策略,簡單來說就是學習者幫助自己有效地理解、處理、簡易學習所使用的方式方法。O’Malley和Chamot (2001)根據認知理論和信息處理方式將學習策略分為元認知策略、認知策略和社會/情感策略。Oxford (1990)根據策略與語言材料的關系將學習策略分為直接策略和間接策略。Purpura(1997, 1999)定義的認知策略模型包括理解、記憶和檢索三個維度,含十個具體變量類別(如分析歸納、聯想、重復操練、總結、遷移、推理等),元認知策略模型包括評估一個維度,含四個具體變量類別(如評估環境、監控、自我評價等)。Purpura的策略模型以人類信息處理模式為本,其關于策略使用的調查問卷經過一系列數據分析,如探索性因子分析、驗證性因子分析、結構方程模型等,因此Song和Cheng (2006)基于Purpura調查問卷改編的問卷適合本研究背景和對象,用于主要調查研究對象的認知策略和元認知策略使用情況。
英語專業四級測試用于考核英語專業學生運用各項基本技能的能力,也是評估教學質量,推動校際交流的一種手段(2006考試大綱修訂本)。提高TEM4考試成績是很多院校共同努力的目標,但目前存在的問題是我們一味地通過教師授課或讓學生大量做題以期達到較好的TEM4成績,卻甚少從學生的二語習得特征,如學習者策略的使用來考慮問題。研究表明,英語學習策略可以解釋12%的成績方差,元認知策略與六級成績的相關達到顯著水平(P
三、研究設計
1.研究對象和工具
本研究的對象為上海外國語大學賢達經濟人文學院2010級英語專業二年級學生124名,他們的平均年齡為20歲,學習英語的平均時間為11年,研究對象參加了2012年4月的TEM4考試并于9月取得成績。
本研究使用的工具為一份調查問卷和研究對象2012年的TEM4測試成績。調查問卷來自Song和Cheng(2006)基于Purpura(1999)設計的問卷并根據實際研究情況進行了翻譯和調整。問卷由三部分組成,第一部分為個人信息,用于了解學生的年齡、學英語時間及用來與TEM4成績配對的學號;第二部分34道題用于調查研究對象的認知策略使用情況;第三部分30道題用于調查研究對象的元認知策略使用情況。上述兩部分都采用1-5級利克特量表計分,分別代表從“從不”(1分)到“總是”(5分),要求學生選擇與實際情況相符合的選項。
2.研究問題和數據收集
根據研究目的,將本研究的問題定為:一、研究對象使用學習策略的情況如何?二、學習策略與研究對象在英語專業四級測試中表現間的關系如何?哪種學習策略對英語專業四測試的表現具有預測作用?
問卷于學生參加TEM4前發放,共發出問卷124份,回收124份,由于其中4份問卷的數據缺失超過10%,故有效問卷為120份。學生的TEM4成績與問卷上的學號配對,并用SPSS17.0進行數據入錄和分析。
四、分析和討論
1.學習者策略使用情況
認知策略和元認知策略在研究對象的英語學習過程中都得到了使用,問卷中64道題的平均值范圍在2.28至4.2,標準差值范圍在0.855至1.150。絕大部分偏態值在1和-1之間,說明研究對象對于問卷的回答趨向正態分布,因此所有的問卷題目予以保留分析。
通過配對樣本T檢驗可知,學習者使用的認知策略和元認知策略間存在顯著差異(Sig.雙尾=.000)。學生使用頻率最高的5項策略大多為元認知策略(見表1),其中4項為自我評價,反映了研究對象對自己的學習過程和學習結果能進行自我評判和自省;另1項使用較頻繁的策略屬于認知策略中的自然操練,這與現實情況相符,中國大學生喜歡觀看英語類電視節目,如英語電影或電視劇等,以提高自身的聽說能力。
表1 研究對象使用頻率最高的5個策略
相反,學生使用頻率最低的5項策略均為認知策略(見表2),包括總結、遷移、驗證和自然操練。其中自然操練含有兩項,這反映學生較少收聽英語廣播節目,理由可能是他們更習慣于通過視頻方式汲取相應信息,另一方面,這也顯示學生不太有機會與英語國家人士直接交流,他們缺少真實的語言環境,對英語語言和文化的學習造成了一定的影響;總結是學生最少使用的認知策略,說明學生對輸入的信息缺少提煉和概括性練習;而學生對遷移策略缺少使用的原因可能是因為其漢語與英語之間的巨大差異,導致他們幾乎不肯在這兩種語言間找到對應點,畢竟這兩種語言屬于完全不同的語言系統(王德春,1997)。
表2 研究對象使用頻率最低的5個策略
進一步來看,在認知和元認知策略的具體分類中(見表3),策略使用平均值從2.58至3.63不等,其中推理是學生有時/經常使用的策略,而驗證是學生很少/有時使用的策略(與表2相符),這說明學生在英語學習中擅長使用推測,如根據上下文猜測詞義,但他們卻較少愿意把自己的作文給他人看或征詢他人的肯定或否定意見,可能這是由于中國學生比較內向的原因,不太愿意向他人展示自己,對自己的學習表現不愿主動尋求結果。
表3 各具體策略分類描述性統計
2.學習者策略使用與英語專業四級測試表現
經過相關分析可知,學生使用的大部分學習策略,都與英語專業四級測試的表現具有一定相關性,但他們的皮爾遜相關系數絕對值范圍為.232至.403,呈低相關,說明學習策略的使用與學生TEM4成的關系并非十分密切。
進一步的多元回歸分析表明重復操練,驗證和自我評價對TEM4表現具有預測作用(見表4),且預測作用較明顯。重復操練策略的R2決定系數為.163,說明重復操練能解釋TEM4成績16.3%的方差,是能最好預測TEM4成績的認知策略。此外,重復操練和驗證能聯合解釋TEM4成績20%的方差;重復操練,驗證和自我評價能聯合解釋TEM4成績23.4%的方差。非標準化系數B反映重復操練和自我評價策略使用每提高1個分值,TEM4成績則能分別提高4.606分和4.106分,但驗證策略使用每提高1個分值,TEM4成績則會下降3.197分。表4中的t值都大于2或小于-2,進一步證明這三種學習策略對TEM4成績是有用的預測變量
表4多元回歸分析:重復操練,驗證和自我評價對TEM4表現的預測
a.因變量:TEM4成績
以上數據分析告訴我們研究對象在英語學習中使用的策略并不是都能對TEM4表現起到預測作用,有些策略對語言學習表現有積極明顯的影響,有些卻無明顯效果,這一結論與相關領域內的其他研究結果相似(Song & Cheng,2006;Wen & Johnson,1997)。在這些策略中,重復操練這一認知策略,如反復讀單詞,反復模仿發音或英語句型,及自我評價這一元認知策略,如撰寫提綱,自我反省語法知識、發音情況或反思學習方法等對學生的測試表現具有較好的正預測作用;相反,驗證策略對學生的測試表現卻具有負預測作用。
五、結論
本研究對學習者策略使用情況與其TEM4測試間表現的關系做了研究,通過T檢驗、相關分析和多元回歸分析得出一系列結果。結果發現學生在英語學習過程中對認知策略和元認知策略都有使用,且元認知策略的使用頻率更高;其次,學習策略的使用頻率高低并不能與明顯預測TEM4成績的策略一致,學生擅長使用推理策略卻很少使用驗證策略,但驗證策略卻能較明顯地預測語言學習表現。有鑒于此,在今后的英語教學和專業四級準備過程中,我們要堅持督促學生進行重復操練性的語言口頭和筆頭訓練,并在學生具有相當自我學習批判和反省意識的前提下,著重培養學生的認知策略,尤其是他們對輸入信息的批判性思維和概括提煉能力,盡可能地為他們提供與英語國家人士交流,給予接觸原版資料讀物的機會,并引導他們在收看英語視頻節目的同時多收聽音頻節目,從而提高他們在沒有畫面幫助下的語言反應能力。另外,我們也需要多鼓勵學生在他人面前展現自己的語言能力和學習成果,讓他們意識到語言學習上的互相探討和幫助對學習表現的促進作用,以期能讓驗證策略對TEM4成績形成正面的預測。當然,因為本研究的樣本較小,研究工具僅限于使用問卷調查研究學習策略與TEM4一種測試表現間的關系,因此得到的反饋信息有限;同時,由于能較好地預測TEM4成績的策略僅能解釋小部分測試成績的方差,所以還存在很多其他變量和研究方法讓我們去探索學習者策略與語言測試表現間的關系。
參考文獻:
[1]Dreyer,C.and Oxford,R.L.1996.‘Learning strategies and other predictors of ESL proficiency among Afrikaans in South Africa’,in R.L. Oxford(ed.).Language Learning Strategies around the World: Cross-cultural Perspectives. Honolulu:University of Hawaii,Second Language Teaching and CurriculumCenter
[2]O’Malley,J.M.andA.U.Chamot.2001.Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Oxford,R.L.1990.Language Learning Strategies:What Every Teacher Should Know[M].NY:Newbury House/Harper Collins
[3]Purpura,J.M.1997。‘An analysis of the elationships between test takers’ cognitive and metacognitive strategy use and second language test performance’[J].Language Testing 20: 26-56
[4]Purpura,J.M.1999.Learner Strategy Use行and Performance on Language Tests: A StructuralEquation Modeling Approach[M].Cambridge,England: Cambridge University Press
[5]Song Xiaomei and Liying Cheng. 2006.‘Language Learner Strategy Use and Test Performance of Chinese Learners of English’[J]. Language Assessment Quarterly 3(3): 243-266
[6]Wen,Q.& Johnson,R.1997.‘L2 learner variables and English achievement: A study of tertiary-level English majors in China’[J].Applied Linguistics 18:27-48
[7]陳紅銳等.英語學習策略與大學英語六級考試成績的關系, 中國大學英語教學論叢[C].北京:外語教學與研究出版社,1999
篇7
關鍵詞: 英語測試 “Compound Dictation” 解題之法
“Compound Dictation”這一題型,在英語測試中,應該說是有一定難度的。在國家級考試全國大學英語四、六級考試(CET-4/6)中,作為聽力測試部分的一個小項,表面上看來純粹是考查學生聽的能力,其實并不這么簡單。全國大學英語四級統考于1997年6月首次采用了“復合式聽寫”這一題型。該類題型通常是在一個段落中留出十個空格,前七個空格要求考生在聽懂原文的基礎上,寫下所聽到的單詞;后三個空格則要求考生根據所聽到的內容,可以用原句也可以在聽懂的基礎上用自己的語言來表達。這種題型,對學生的能力要求其實比像Short Conversations,Long Conversations等純粹聽力選擇題的要求要高得多,因為Short Conversations,Long Conversations等一般只要聽明白大意即可。而對于“復合式聽寫”,首先,考生要能聽得出辨別得出這是個什么詞,比如,是quality還是quantity;然后,還要一個字母不差地、按順序完整地寫出該詞,才能算正確,才能夠得分。要在這一項上取得較高成績,其實是不太容易的。由此可知,該題型更強調語言綜合運用能力。所以,考生不僅要具有良好的聽的能力,還應具有較強的拼寫能力、記筆記能力和書面表達能力。聽的能力是“復合式聽寫”的基礎,因此,在較大程度上,它是聽力理解能力、書寫能力、記筆記能力和書面表達能力的綜合考核。
平時教學中,時常有學生問怎樣才能有效解答此類試題。大多數老師只是回答說,打好基礎,多聽多練。話固然是很有道理,只是太過籠統,對于學生來說,起不到什么實質性的幫助作用。那么考試中,究竟如何才能解答好這一題型,以獲得理想的成績呢?針對此新題型的解答,筆者在教學實踐中,經過認真的研究分析,總結出幾點,按聽前、聽時、聽后三個步驟歸納如下:
第一,聽前。
這里主要是要求考生要做好兩個方面的準備。
1.平時要打好基本功,多多練習。
學習任何一門語言,要想掌握得更熟練、更透徹,多多練習是必不可少的一個環節。對于學習語言,筆者一直強調,掌握詞匯是最基本、最關鍵的。而掌握詞匯,能夠標準地發音和能夠正確地拼寫出來,是最基本的、也是非常重要的。若學習者的單詞發音不標準或者說不準確,那么,不但自己說的英語別人聽不懂,而且別人說的英語自己也搞不明白。這樣,雖然說的是同一種語言,而實際上就是雞同鴨講。掌握再多的詞匯,又如何能更好地交流?若單詞記不住記不牢,不能正確拼寫出來,翻譯譯不出,作文寫不來,又如何能夠獲得理想的成績?聽寫是一種有效的綜合性測試,可以考查學生的詞匯量、拼寫、句法、聽力、理解、記筆記和一定的書面表達等多方面的要素和技能。實際上,聽寫成績好壞與許多其他技能能否有效利用的關系很大。筆者相信,全面打好語言基本功是提高聽寫能力的重要途徑,“但聽寫訓練具有自身的科學性和技巧性,多練巧練則定可取得事半功倍的成效”。
2.做好考前的心理準備。
首先,要有信心。筆者認為,只要掌握一定的英語知識,并且對自己充滿信心,是完全能夠在這一題上獲得較為理想的成績的。在作為國家級的統一考試全國大學英語四、六級考試中,這一題所需要寫出的單詞,絕不會是某些生僻詞,也絕不會是某些超出教學大綱要求的詞。也就是說,這些所考之詞,肯定都是考生以前見過的,都應當在掌握之列。這一點,毋庸置疑。以前在教學課堂上,幾乎每次課上到這一環節,總有個別學生留有幾個空白在那兒,甚至有的學生干脆一詞不寫,說是看不見或是反正聽不懂諸如此類的話,想搪塞過去。課后跟這些學生交流后發現,這完全是他們對這一題型缺乏信心所致。其次,要心境平和。在任何考試來臨前,考生都應該把心態調整好,使自己靜下心來,不要緊張。因為緊張根本不會對考試起到任何的促進作用,而只會影響自己水平的發揮,影響最終的成績。
第二,聽時。
該題一般會讓聽三遍。聽的過程中,考生在具備一定英語語言知識基礎之上,還要善于利用一定的解題技巧、解題方法。這里,要注意以下幾點:
1.在播放該題的Directions部分時,快速瀏覽現有的材料,對所聽的短文有一個大致的了解,力爭整體上把握其篇章大意。雖然復合式聽寫較一般聽寫難度大,但它的出題形式給考生提供了大量可供參考的信息。在緊張的做題過程中,考生完全可以利用聽音前的一點時間來事先閱讀文字材料,以對大意有個粗略的認識。還可根據空格前后的材料,去推測將要填入單詞的詞性、時態、語態、單復數等;也可根據上下文的句法及邏輯關系預測相關信息。然后結合第一遍放音來完成對全文的理解。在Directions部分快要結束的時候,要及時將注意力轉回文章開頭,做好聽寫準備。
2.聽第一遍錄音時,要在重點理解全文的基礎上,盡可能地記點什么。但要注意,不能因為急于填出一空,而將后面的部分錯過。由于聽音前考生已閱覽了卷面文字,對聽力材料有了大致的了解,因此聽第一遍時,考生可以適當地填寫些單詞和做些筆記,聽為主,記為輔。要做好“復合式聽寫”,考生需多多實踐,獲取較強的邊聽邊記能力。所以,正確的做法一般是:一邊聽錄音,一邊看文字材料,重點在空格部分,力爭聽懂空格處是一個短語還是一個句子,“為第二遍聽錄音、寫內容打好基礎”。聽音貫穿著期待、預知、分析、綜合、推理和判斷等一系列過程,考生應同時快速記下幾個關鍵詞,而在記筆記時,又要能有效、專注地去聽,以獲取信息理解全文。
3.第二遍的朗讀有短暫停頓,考生要充分利用這點有限的時間,快速準確地按要求完成填空。聽第二遍錄音時,考生應利用空格后的停頓時間,以最快的速度記錄空格內的詞句。此時,切不可掉以輕心,要仔細,拼寫要盡量正確,句子語言表達要盡可能完整。如果沒寫完整,就先暫時放棄,以免影響聽下一個空格的內容,等聽最后一遍即聽第三遍時進行校對。當然,聽寫時還要注意,不要孤立地聽某個空格的詞語,應把注意力集中在每個句子、段落及篇章上,免得因錯誤的理解而造成填寫有誤。另外,填空時,碰到較長的單詞來不及寫完或拿不準拼寫時,可先用幾個字母代替或用適當的記號標示,等聽音結束后再來補充。注意,既要寫得快又要寫得好,要學會利用縮寫、簡寫、代號等表達方式。字母較多的單詞,可只寫該詞前幾個字母。如,可用esp代especially,sth代something,apprec代appreciation等。沒有縮略語的詞匯,如字母較少的單詞,可完整寫出該詞,如gift,take等。這里的基本要求是快速、省時,并能表達含義。縮略語不一定要求規范,甚至可用些符號,所記內容不一定要求完整,只要能起到提示的作用,自己能看懂就行了。
4.后三格填空若句子太長,最好等聽完空格的所有內容,再在理解的基礎上進行概括。然后將其整理好,按要求填在答題紙上相應的地方。
第三,聽后檢查。
檢查、核對是任何考試中都必不可少的環節。英語“復合式聽寫”這類題型,一般是聽三遍。第三遍朗讀的本意就是供考生進行檢查、核對。所以此時,一定要進行查漏、改錯;補全組句,填好所有的空格。考生應抓住時機彌補前兩遍聽音時所忽略或遺漏的內容,進一步修改和完善自己的答案。如果聽兩遍就能寫出該詞的,第三遍錄音就很好地提供了一次檢查修改的機會。對于已聽完三遍沒有再聽機會的來進行檢查、核對的,還可通過以下兩種途徑來檢查。
1.從意思上檢查。在確定該空所填之詞后,再看看該詞所在之句的整句話意思能否講得通。若講不通,再想想其它的一些與該所填的詞形似的詞,比如,把該詞里的某個字母換一個試試。若整句話意思通順,則在此層面上的檢查暫且通過。
2.從語法角度檢查。檢查時應注意:(1)單詞拼寫字母要按順序寫出且不能漏掉,一定要確保正確。(2)單詞的字母大小寫不容忽視。(3)不要出現時態、語態等錯誤。也就是說,空格處需要填寫動詞的,還要考慮其需不需要作時態或是語態上的變化,即是過去時還是現在進行時,或者是主動語態還是被動語態等。已經發現,在動詞上錯得較多尤其是完成時態。動詞有可能是一個過去分詞形式,因為過去分詞可能會讀得很輕,不易聽出來,但這可以根據上下文的語法知識判斷出來。(4)不要出現名詞單復數錯誤。名詞的單復數表達有可能會在聽音中聽不出來,但是檢查卷面時一定要弄準確了,即使沒聽出來,也可根據上下文,堅持主謂一致原則。(5)所有格知識。如:the world’s largest island(世界上最大的島嶼),這個根據語法知識就能夠判斷出來。
另外,檢查時還需注意,所填的空缺詞與所提供的文字材料在邏輯關系等方面是否一致。比如,你所確定的詞的詞性與該空格所需的詞的詞性是否相符。這個意思就是說,所考查的詞在具體語境中,詞性是確定的(即是名詞、動詞、形容詞還是介詞或者副詞等)。