星期英文范文

導(dǎo)語：如何才能寫好一篇星期英文，這就需要搜集整理更多的資料和文獻(xiàn)，歡迎閱讀由公務(wù)員之家整理的十篇范文，供你借鑒。

篇1

1、星期六:Saturday縮寫Sat.Saturday，英文單詞，名詞，作名詞時(shí)意為“星期六”。

2、[例句]She had a call from him on Saturday morning at the studio.星期六早上她在錄音室接到他打來的電話。

3、[其他]復(fù)數(shù)：Saturdays.

（來源：文章屋網(wǎng) ）

篇2

1“富饒的缺口”

貴州省地處云貴高原，擁有豐富的生態(tài)資源、自然資源、旅游資源和礦產(chǎn)資源、野生動植物資源，民族文化也豐富多樣。此外，貴州省還是全國煙、酒、藥材的生產(chǎn)大省，但由于自然地理位置和歷史文化等多方面的原因，貴州省民營企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)水平發(fā)展長期滯后于全國平均水平，基礎(chǔ)薄弱，民營企業(yè)自我積累和自我發(fā)展能力差，同時(shí)貴州投資環(huán)境差，外資吸引能力不強(qiáng)，還導(dǎo)致內(nèi)部資金大量外流。盡管貴州省資源豐富多樣，但豐富的資源優(yōu)勢未能轉(zhuǎn)化為經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢，形成了“富饒的缺口”。

2規(guī)模小、發(fā)育程度低、市場融資能力弱

長期以來，貴州省民營企業(yè)規(guī)模小、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展速度緩慢、企業(yè)效益差、償付能力弱。近幾年，貴州省通過不斷健全金融機(jī)構(gòu)組織體系、創(chuàng)新?lián)７绞健⑼晟粕鐣庞梅?wù)體系等舉措，多元化為民營企業(yè)的發(fā)展提供保障。但在民營經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展過程中，仍然存在融資難的問題。與省外同行業(yè)相比較，民營企業(yè)無論從市場規(guī)模、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平，還是市場融資能力、市場成熟度以及組織形式等方面，都存在很大的差距。2014年中國民營企業(yè)會公布了中國工商聯(lián)評選的最新《中國民營企業(yè)500強(qiáng)榜單》中，貴州省只有貴陽宏益房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)有限公司一家民營企業(yè)上榜。

3專業(yè)人才匱乏，品牌意識淡薄

競爭是人才之間的競爭，特別是高素質(zhì)人才的競爭，人才是資本，高素質(zhì)人才是企業(yè)的核心優(yōu)勢所在。貴州省可以說是一個(gè)老少邊貧的內(nèi)陸省份，信息閉塞，導(dǎo)致了當(dāng)?shù)厝藗兊乃枷胗^念落后，缺少未雨綢繆的競爭意識，這導(dǎo)致大多數(shù)民營企業(yè)沒有人才儲備的意識，忽視人才戰(zhàn)略，使得民營企業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)滯后，人才供給不足和對人才的吸引不足，貴州省民營企業(yè)人才長期匱乏嚴(yán)重制約了民營企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。貴州省民營企業(yè)家的品牌意識不強(qiáng)，對自身品牌的認(rèn)識和開發(fā)也不足，只關(guān)注生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營，忽略了產(chǎn)品品牌的研發(fā)。在品牌意識缺乏的基礎(chǔ)上，嚴(yán)重制約了貴州省民營企業(yè)取得更長遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展，使其在發(fā)展中喪失競爭力。2008年，貴州省一共有9家企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的10個(gè)產(chǎn)品獲得了中國名牌的稱號，但除了“老干媽”來自民營企業(yè)外，其他9個(gè)品牌全部都是國有企業(yè)。

二貴州省民營企業(yè)資本形成不足的原因

貴州省民營企業(yè)的發(fā)展，仍面臨諸多困難，如傳統(tǒng)落后的經(jīng)營模式、政策的傾斜、企業(yè)融資難、人才匱乏等問題，主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：

1政府方面的因素

貴州是一個(gè)內(nèi)陸省份，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平明顯滯后于全國平均水平，經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力較弱。貴州省民營企業(yè)與省內(nèi)國有企業(yè)相比較，呈現(xiàn)規(guī)模小、散沙狀、市場抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力不強(qiáng)、市場競爭力差、知名度不高等特點(diǎn)。政府沒有多余的財(cái)政資金投資民營企業(yè)，另外政府依靠財(cái)政融資能力也較弱，就算政府有多余的財(cái)政資金，政府也不愿意對民營企業(yè)進(jìn)行投資，因?yàn)槊駹I企業(yè)規(guī)模小，抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力弱，市場競爭力不強(qiáng)，對全省經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展效果不是特別顯著，政府寧愿大力投資國有企業(yè)，如在2014年中國企業(yè)500強(qiáng)排行榜中，貴州沒有一家民營企業(yè)上榜，只有國有企業(yè)貴州茅臺上榜。此外，政府政策制定者受傳統(tǒng)思想觀念的影響，多數(shù)政策以國有企業(yè)為重，堅(jiān)持國有企業(yè)為社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主體，使得民營企業(yè)在各方面都受到了“所有制”的歧視性待遇，嚴(yán)重阻礙了民營企業(yè)的發(fā)展。

2市場方面的因素

截止2013年10月末，貴州省銀行各項(xiàng)貸款余額10037億元，比年初增加1679億元，同比增加了315億元，同比增長22%；各項(xiàng)存款余額12807億元，全年新增存款首次超過24000億元，較年初增加2238億元，同比增加了659億元，同比增長了24%。截止2013年12月31日，全省農(nóng)村信用社存貸款月達(dá)50125億元，其中存款余額突破3000億元大關(guān)，達(dá)到3027.66億元。雖然企業(yè)貸款較以前有所增加，但是在貴州省民營企業(yè)的發(fā)展中，仍存在貸款難的困境，由于貸款存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性的問題，所以銀行對貸款非常謹(jǐn)慎，特別是對規(guī)模小，抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力弱且成本高、收益低、周期長的民營企業(yè)的貸款。銀行與貸款人之間存在信息不對稱，銀行不知貸款人的信譽(yù)和還貸能力，需要花費(fèi)大量的人力物力去考察貸款人的情況，這加大了銀行信貸部門的運(yùn)營成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外，民營企業(yè)除了遭受到“規(guī)模小”的歧視，還遭受到“所有制”的歧視，使得民營企業(yè)貸款更加難以進(jìn)行。在貴州，農(nóng)村信用社成了金融市場上一個(gè)特別有效的正規(guī)金融組織。當(dāng)前，金融機(jī)構(gòu)之間缺乏有效的競爭，金融服務(wù)質(zhì)量與效率低下的問題，在很大程度上也造成了貴州省民營企業(yè)貸款難的現(xiàn)象。在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，農(nóng)業(yè)銀行等金融機(jī)構(gòu)大都是以經(jīng)濟(jì)利益最大化為經(jīng)營目的，試圖獲得最大的利益，對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大、收益小的農(nóng)村貸款盡量避免甚至不發(fā)放，客觀上形成多數(shù)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的資金只存不貸，從而導(dǎo)致大量資金外流。此外，由于貴州省經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展滯后，經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)薄弱，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不完善，使得民營企業(yè)在發(fā)展中還存在吸引外資難的問題。

3企業(yè)自身方面的因素

就貴州省民營企業(yè)自身發(fā)展來說，多數(shù)民營企業(yè)都存在著產(chǎn)權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理的問題，企業(yè)內(nèi)部組織關(guān)系不穩(wěn)定、管理層次不清晰；傳統(tǒng)的家族經(jīng)營模式不具規(guī)模性和計(jì)劃性，在質(zhì)量和財(cái)務(wù)等方面沒有嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范，更重要的是企業(yè)沒有一套科學(xué)合理的現(xiàn)代管理模式去指導(dǎo)企業(yè)產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、銷售以及售后服務(wù)這一流程；人才機(jī)制的落后和不重視使得企業(yè)在發(fā)展中人才匱乏，缺少實(shí)用型人才，缺乏活力與創(chuàng)新的思想觀念；企業(yè)管理者求穩(wěn)求定，懼怕風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的守業(yè)思想根深蒂固，不敢創(chuàng)新，缺少品牌意識；另外受貴州省落后的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會與信息閉塞等各種因素的制約，也導(dǎo)致民營企業(yè)的管理者產(chǎn)生滿足當(dāng)前的成就，安于現(xiàn)狀的心理。這些問題也成為民營企業(yè)資本形成的障礙。

三針對貴州省民營企業(yè)資本形成的不足提出對策建議

1政府應(yīng)當(dāng)重視民營經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展

加大宏觀調(diào)控力度，制定和完善信貸管理制度。當(dāng)前民營企業(yè)成為貴州省經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展新的增長點(diǎn)，民營企業(yè)在整個(gè)貴州省經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中所做的貢獻(xiàn)越來越大。首先，政府政策制定者必須轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，放寬政策，落實(shí)政策，制定一些針對中小民營企業(yè)的稅收優(yōu)惠政策，減少民營企業(yè)稅收負(fù)擔(dān)，為民營企業(yè)發(fā)展提供良好的正常環(huán)境，同時(shí)加強(qiáng)招商引資，積極改善投資環(huán)境，吸引內(nèi)資和外資的注入，為促進(jìn)民營企業(yè)的發(fā)展助力，也減少內(nèi)資的外流。其次，制定和完善與民營企業(yè)發(fā)展相適應(yīng)的信貸管理制度，拓寬民營企業(yè)貸款渠道，積極解決民營企業(yè)貸款難的問題，盡量為民營企業(yè)創(chuàng)造良好的融資環(huán)境。此外，政府還要完善金融監(jiān)管職能，不要讓民營企業(yè)繼續(xù)遭受“規(guī)模小”“、所有制”的歧視。因?yàn)橘J款難，造成資金鏈斷裂，迫使企業(yè)倒閉。與此同時(shí)，政府積極為民營企業(yè)提供創(chuàng)業(yè)和經(jīng)營等方面的指導(dǎo)，為貴州省民營企業(yè)發(fā)展提供便利的政策。

2轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，引入競爭機(jī)制

針對貴州省民營企業(yè)發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)，金融部門不應(yīng)懼怕風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，完全以營利為目的，在政策上為作為貴州省經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展主體的國有企業(yè)籌融資有大幅度的傾斜。金融機(jī)構(gòu)積極加強(qiáng)對民營企業(yè)的指導(dǎo)和服務(wù)，建立健全民營企業(yè)的信貸擔(dān)保體系，提升民營企業(yè)的信貸擔(dān)保能力，提高民營企業(yè)在信貸市場的比例，拓寬民營企業(yè)的信貸渠道，鼓勵(lì)和推廣民營企業(yè)的管理者到銀行貸款來發(fā)展企業(yè)，為民營企業(yè)籌融資提供便利條件。同時(shí)，引入金融機(jī)構(gòu)競爭機(jī)制，銀行金融機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)和其他非金融貸款機(jī)構(gòu)形成有效的競爭機(jī)制，貸款主體多元化，從而為民營企業(yè)籌融資提供良好的環(huán)境。

3轉(zhuǎn)變企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理理念

篇3

Each visitor:

How are you, welcome you to Guilin to travel, I am your guide**.

Seven star parks are located in downtown Li river's east coast in Guilin, small east the river flow Guan in the interval and cover area more than 100 hectares, because seven mountain peaks of seven star mountains, the such as Great Dipper on the sky falls onto ground but get.There are"Great Dipper", "camel hump red Xia", "crescent moon Hong shadow", and"Pu Tuo stone wood"...etc. in the park winning a view, occupy the United States of mountain, river, hole and stone.There are seven star rock, Long Yin Dong, crescent moon rock, once male rock, camel mountain, Long Yin Yan and flower bridge, crescent moon building, children's playground, zoo, three generals and 800 brave man's last homes, mosque and flower arrangement skill Yuans in the famous tourist spot, laurel sea stone tablet Lin Deng.Be biggest for Guilin, the visitor is the most prosperous, historic grow most of a comprehensive sex park.

Seven star mountains are in the Li river's east coast, 1000 meters apart from the city center, from the Pu Tuo mountain Shu in the sky and sky Xuan and sky Ji, power 4 Fengs and the crescent moon mountain jade Heng in sky, open sun, precious jade light 3 Fengs constitute, elevation one by one in order is 265, 255, 248, 245, 255, 241, 250 meters, 7 mountain points almost put on a level.The crescent moon of Pu Tuo, one east a west, mutual connect belong to, distribute like space Great Dipper, mountain with this is since then.The mountain is honourable to accumulate 51.5 hectares, with rock many hole the strange Zhao call.Seven star rocks but outside, have a dollar breeze and Xuan force, great white crane hole and four fairy rocks, once Mr. rock etc. was several ten mountain caves.The stone wood of the mountain of Pu Tuo, suddenly Zheng Rong.Under the camel hump of flower arrangement Yuan, gather stone wood in Guilin, it wins, the Cang is vigorously outstanding, and the generosity of spirit is uncommon.Is more precious, have Sui Tang the sculpture carvings is more than 500 pieces.

Pillar stone in the sky spends bridge in seven star west of parks east.The stone pretty stirs to stand erect like pillar, so have an of "pillar in the sky".Again such as the lotus that don't put, as well"lotus stone".The stone is about 10 meters in height, up engrave "hair Ze east thought long live"7 big words.The north faces to work properly a sword river, in the river Ji stone up build a small station.Southeast luxuriant tree spring onion Long, the thick Yin escorts.The stone Dian has little leaf Rong, graceful such as the cover.Pillar northern side in the sky engraves to have Chong rather five years(1106) and flood marking of Guangxu 11 years(1885), is the important data that studies an ancient hydrology.Is late pure famous to face a laurel phrase person condition the week Yi once stayed for a sky, pillar Feng bottom, had "the somebody else in pillar Feng in the sky" small print a , often the cover is on the phrase Jian.

Spend the bridge works properly in seven center doors in the star park the sword's river remits with little east river to match place, blooming flowers in the bridge side, the small bridge Yan reflects between "the full rivulet water half river spends", past famous courtesan bridge.

Seven star rocks are located in seven Pu Tuo halfway up a hills in star park, the mountain cave grows about 1100 meters, the breadth place is 50 meters, and the tallest place is 20 meters.Seven star rocks call to stay a Xia hole, green jade again rock falsely etc., the of seven star rocks is risen to Sung generation.The rock is originally an underground river bed, behind change because of earth crust, underground river ascension, peep out a ground to become mountain cave, afterward the rain water follows a rock blind side infiltration over a long period of time, deliquescence limestone, and continuously crystallize in the hole, form many stalactites, stalagmite, stone pillar and stone drapery thus, form an extraordinary sight natural beautiful scenery.Seven star rocks are one of Guilin's most famous resortses at present.

The mountain of Pu Tuo is located in inside seven star parks, from the Shu in sky and sky Xuan and sky Ji and power four Fengs in skies constitute.Because Tang before the mountain set up the view sound that the temple oblation saves all beings, past Pu Tuo mountain.Lu in the south of Shanxi has a dollar wind tunnel and counts nine warm air of being cold sky of, outside emittings;Midsummer intense heat, wind is blowing gently.The top of hill Fang grass is like bacterium, the Cui cypress is heavy, and the ancient wood is three days.Ten classes from the gate to a monastery but up, the cicada Zao bird blares, Lin Jing Shan You.The halfway up a hill has the Pu Tuo the Jing to give up, arch in the cornice door, azure stone Zhu Shi, plain negative great reputation.Go toward left lead green jade falsely rock, true Wu Ge, four fairies caves, then arrive seven Chinese and Foreign star rock of Fei voice, go toward right continue to climb mountain, the capable anti- day then dies of three generals and 800 brave man last home.The mountain of Pu Tuo has the in the past sculpture carvings more than 100 pieces and famously have Tang Yan Zhen the Qing handwriting placard book"free and unfettered building", Sung Li Yan Bi 《Xiang south the building record 》 and"the turtle snake unites as one" ectype etc..

The gate to a monastery of Pu Tuo at Pu Tuo southern Lu, set up in 1972.A front door that ascends the mountain of Pu Tuo is the building that imitates a station type, is spent a short wall by a to box off mountain body and flat ground, in the center open a circular arched door, the top is a hard ridge to raise a Yan ascent crest, green glazed tiles, 4.5 meters in height, grow 6.7 meters, deep 4.6 meters, the area is 26.8 square meters.The horizontal tablet that hangs "the mountain of Pu Tuo" on the door, the scrolls of"cicada Zao the wood calm down more, the bird blares mountain more You" cent hangs two sides, the whole gate to a monastery Yan reflects in the tree thick Yin in thou and seems to be more nice and secluded and silent.

Take off seven star mountain Ji apexes in the sky that the star station is located in elevation 248 meters, list Yan and 8 pillarses are 8 capes, concrete structure, grow breadth each 5.2 meterses, 6.5 meters in height, the area is 27.04 square meters, set up in 1958.Taking off the star station is seven the star mountains are 7 unique mountain peak high stations, sign on the station, can with the Kuang view.East can the mountain of Tiao Yao, saint, screen and cat mountain in sky;North may worry mountain, fold colourful, battle wave, old man various mountain and pure Li river;The west can appreciate trunk, south the river Be various to win, past once had an of "Kuang view station".

It is in the Pu Tuo mountain south Lu gate to a monastery to protect a stone tablet station eastern side.1974 builds, with 《Xiang south the building record 》 of the Qing book"free and unfettered building" of Tang Yan Zhen and Sung Li Yan Bi that the protection together engraves in the yin and yang both sides precious sculpture carvings, past protect a stone tablet station.Because"free and unfettered building" comes from everyone's handwriting, the stone tablet station is again called "free and unfettered station".The station is 4.5 meters in height, grow 6.7 meters, deep 4.6 meters, the area is 30.6 square meters, for 4 pillars of reinforced concrete structure, list the Yan and green tile Be in the style of antique to construct, simple and cultured, not with the stone tablet contends for winning, and has protect stone tablet, meeting view of function.Follow a stone tablet station, appreciate a calligraphy art and browse square ambition data and have both park to win an interesting view, is a really enjoy happy event.Originally there is also clear pack of Yu 《rebuild city stone tablet in Guangxi province to record 》 inside the station, now already he moves.

The text Chang station is in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill, "super Du clean territory" right side, takes a text to carry a prosperous idea, because of place thick Yin Song of the Cui, again"hug a Cui station", is heavy Yan, point the crest is 8 Cape stations.At first Be set up to clearly, there is building, ruined during the period of war against Japan, lately set up in the original address in 1965.Is 8 meters in height, grow each 5.7 meterses of breadths, the area is 32.4 square meters.The station north borders on small Peng Lai, the east gives up for the Pu Tuo Jing, west, south have a short wall railing, is with Tiao good place.

The dollar wind tunnel thou calls Xuan wind tunnel and is so called the labor quantity Sui rock.In the Pu Tuo Lu in Shanxi, entrance to cave west to, 3~24 meters in height, the breadth is 2~15 meters, deep 250 meters, the area is 1945 square meters.Dollar wind tunnel and the mountain of Pu Tuo other holes have mutually and form air convection, the entrance to cave contains a sturdy current of air, and the air inside the hole is delightfully fresh.Because of sunshine, the separation and reunion of mountain body calories, the air temperature in the cave whole year round keeps about 20 ℃ .Temperature outside the hole, the summer is as tallest as 39 ℃ , lowest in winter-5 ℃ .The outside temperature inside the hole differs 15 ℃ or so.Jotting down of"is like fire in winter, cover sun Fu it advertise for also" in 《visit to record 》 that inside the hole"Wen Liang don't condition" and farmland Ru for engraving becomes accurately generalized characteristics and its reason of dollar wind tunnel warm in winter and cool in summer.Sung poet, Zhao Shao Yin, once set up "came to breeze station" in the entrance to cave, clear Lyu Diao Yang once built "seven star Ans"s, pure changed to "big wise An", now already depletion.

Three general last homes are in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill of the Bo hope ping.In November, 1944, invade Guilin of soldier to defend a war in the anti- shot Japan in, 31 soldier chief of staff Lyu Zhan receive, defend the mountain soldier commander's headquarters chief of staff Chen Ji Huan, 131 Yong heroic sacrifice of the teacher teacher Kan Weis.In 1946, the Kuomintang government sets up "three general last homes"s to be in remembrance of by showing, the Jiang Jie Shi, Li Zong Ren and white Chong Xi all has a word.1982 rebuilds, the graveyard presents a bottle gourd form, and the breadth is 16 meters, grow 20 meters, cover 320 square meters.

Think of the old days the station hopes ping in the Pu Tuo mountain Bo 800 the strong soil last homes are beside and set up in 1946.With Be in remembrance of an anti- day to fall in action officers and men and fondle to think of the old days now, absorb blood of precept, as well Ji loyalty station.Is 7.5 meters in height, the breadth is 5.3 meters, grows 4.2 meters, the area is 22.26 square meters, a brick pillar, list Yan, point the in the style of antique station of the crest, green tile, square, win have the stone table the Deng to be provided to pay homage to brief rest.

The Pu Tuo Jing gives up in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill, the 2nd gate to a monastery"super dust clean territory" after of in the hillside.Is at first an old the temple of Pu Tuo address, tored down an all old building in 1959, re- build, change the name"Pu Tuo the Jing give up".The Jing gives up to construct for red pillar, powder wall, hard ridge, raising the 2 F floor Ge type of Yan, ascent crest, green tile.The 1 F grows 17.3 meters, deep 12 meters, 2 F the length is slightly small, always construct the area as about 400 square meters.The positive house opens my, the upstairs on all sides open a window and up have the view view the hall.The Pu Tuo rock precipice the natural stone before the wall hold, "super dust clean territory" gate to a monastery and Pu Tuo the Jing give up, the text Chang station, and small Peng Lai...etc. are a set of wrong fall to have to of building, form to seal but don't shut more to change structure and form, go up to upper floor to appreciate, city scene, the forest is strange interest, each present thriving source of vitality.

Pu Tuo stone the wood is in the Pu Tuo halfway up a hill of Pu Tuo Jing before giving up, 9 meters in height, the area is about 150 square meters, present an equilateral polygon not.Devolution, the place officials of Tang Dynasty choose a stone to pay tribute imperial government here and enjoy Tang to believe in Li Shi Min's fancy too much and see as"Rui stone", the Juan engraves 《90% temple Li spring Ming 》 that the famous calligraphist Europe sun inquires in it up, money hides a temple in.Li Jing serves as laurel state manager, Tang believes in to instruct him to investigate "Rui stone" habitat too much and know Be produced to the mountain of Pu Tuo, the Chi life sets up to celebrate Lin Guan, and resist the book"celebrate Lin Guan" to grant a sum.Pu Tuo stone wood, Lin Feng Lin Xun, suddenly the Zheng Rong, the most strange United States, is the hat of three greatest stones wood of Guilin.

The building that is small to meet Lai park.In the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill, before Pu Tuo Jing give up, Pu Tuo stone left side wood, set up in Guangxu for 18 years.(1892)Grow a gallery for the station Ge type, red pillar, ascent crest, green tile, grow 16 meters, the breadth is 6 meters, the crest is 6.5 meters in height, construct area 96 square meters.The gallery west contains short fence, can look beyond city with the column east good prosperity.Have "small Peng Lai" the horizontal tablet on the mountain wall, the station pillar cent hangs the allied sentence of Ma Jun Wu of famous educator:"The desirable state in city often rounds a dream soul and sighs half a lifetime to float zero, hence with famous mountain become long separation;The Ling form is all old, often through leave in disorder, hope a home town handsome, totally raise a long plan to peaceful."

The Bo hopes a station the Ao is at the Pu Tuo mountain Ji Feng half mountain in sky up, is reinforced concrete structure, 8 pillars, list Yan, raise a Cape, green tile and rectangular in the style of antique station, the breadth is about 4 meters, grow more than 10 rices, area 40 square meters are or so.The station is set up to mountain lodge, and rice, deep 180 meters, the area is 2000 square meters.The Sung southern west road plans to pacify to make cloth once, sex was pleased to visit strange, discovered for dollar plentiful two years(1079) and develop, opened up for the tourist spot.Sung Liu Yi 《the once male rock records 》 Be detailed to carry its matter.Once the male rock was a charming mountain body geography match, proper in the near view took a distant look before the mountain mountain after scenery, the Fu Yang looked around, everywhere went into a painting.

Stay a Xia station in the mountain of Pu Tuo four fairy rock.Start Be set up to Sung, "the Zan takes", Liu Ke Zhuang 《the Zan takes a station 》 has the sentence of "above mentioned green Lin Miao, exert laurel state with the column" ·Manchu dynasty after rebuilding an easy"lean on Lan" behind change "green jade falsely station", ruin in anti- day a battle fire.Set up "stay a Xia station" in the original address after fighting the invading army victory.Lately set up again in 1979, follow an of using"stay Xia".The station contains the door in month, and then calls "tread the station in month".The station is the 2 F reinforced concrete structure and list Yan square the station, area is 25 square meters.The first floor makes a box office, the upper level is a view view station.The top and bottom of the visitor, if wear cloud to tread a month, with green jade falsely Ge to should.Exaggerated the artistic conception of "sky the human life".

Xuan Wu Dong at Pu Tuo mountain the north connect with great white crane hole halfway up a hill.The entrance to cave faces west north, 5~6 meters in height, the breadth is 2~15 meters, deep 21 meters, the area is 230 square meters.The hole presents a trumpet form, front greatly behind small.There is all true view in the hole and is set up by a dollar generation and change name true Wu Ge clearly, the empress changes to Xuan Wu Ge again because of the taboo, the hole as well changes the name Xuan Wu Dong.Xuan Wu Ke early discards and weighs a cover after fighting the invading army victory, tores down an original space in 1989 and re- builds.On being partial to a just, distinguish for the in the style of antique concrete structure of 45, 100 square meters, fly Cape, list Yan, 6.5 meters in height.Be partial to a guest south to, the positive Ge is western to, all have "Xuan Wu Ge" horizontal tablet.From was partial to Ge to ascend 10 few class stone stairs, reached positive Ge, is 8 pillar halls, the front could look beyond the Pu Tuo foothill prettiness with the column, empress the great white crane hole , through four fairy rocks, reach seven star rocks that smells a far and near.Through attic southern window, can see Ming Dynasty's ectype 《the turtle snake unites as one 》 .

The Xuan is martial, the northern water absolute being in ancient Chinese myth, behind is a religion of Taoism believe in, the together green dragon, woman without pubic hair and Vinaceous Rosefinch matches to call everywhere four absolute beings, its image is turtle or turtle snake to mutually tie up.This ectype skillfully makes use of the natural color and luster of rock, the vulture becomes martial image of the Xuan of the snake of the turtle, pale red color in green gray.The turtle, jelly-fish, puts on armor, there is defense water fire knife idea of soldier, expressed the masses of the people to pursue the wishes of stabilizing the good luck.

Great white crane hole at Pu Tuo mountain north halfway up a hill, with four fairy rocks and Xuan Wu Dong connects with each other.The hole is 3~4 meters in height, the breadth is 6~7 meters, deep 23 meters, the area is 150 square meters, present a tube form.The hole wall stone line,such as great white crane, flies, one stone pillar in hole, like crane leg, so have great white crane hole of call.The great white crane hole is from the rock of Pu Tuo, Xuan Wu Dong get into seven star rocks necessarily from of road, the geography is higher but turns and twists, and gloom inside the hole, pass from vulgar but high, from become dark clearly, again my bright four fairy rocks, give person with change Huan everlasting of mysterious feeling.

Four fairy rocks are located in the Pu Tuo north of Shanxi halfway up a hill, connect with great white crane hole, 7.3 meters in height, the breadth is 4~13 meters, deep 32 meters, the area is about 270 square meters, present the form of Qiong Long, the last bottom is even, and the north connects seven star rocks.The entrance to cave is spacious and my bright, the Juan engraves many works in the Mo precipice, there are 4 stalagmites inside the rock, fabulous that day China, month China and star China and interloper joyful is drink to heart's content, increase a miraculous color for mountain cave.Sung, the rock sets up "the Zan takes a station" and early discards.Lately set up a month station and stay a Xia station in the original address in 1978.

The rock of Pu Tuo gives up a north side in the Pu Tuo Jing of the Pu Tuo mountain half waist, 4~10 meters in height, the breadth is 6~9 meters, deep 15 meters, the area is about 120 square meters.Pu Tuo rock the southern north is like triangle book Peng towards wearing, Gao Bi Tong deeply, form.The ground is a slope, there are 25 class stone stairses, divide 3 class ascents to decline, win to establish flower nursery.The Ming Dynasty sets up a green jade in the hole the building once called falsely green jade falsely hole, the building early discards.

Always the spring is in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill Pu Tuo stone Lin Pang is one to be like rice Jiu similar natural stone cave, deeply about 30 Li rices, in have already accumulated water, even if in the year of big drought, also never dried up, probably and underground headwaters mutually, in order to make tea, pure sweet proper.

Fly to a stone in stone Guilin, the life Buddha in the Pu Tuo mountain northwest hole south side, listenned to a past address of the station in month a side at first, because of stone have no root, spread for fly of stone.Is 6.4 meters in height, present to pour a cone form, top greatly next small.The crest is even, on all sides cave convex gravamen, up have "may language" two words, is a pure person, remaining heart Ru engrave.

Dynasty cloud hole is located in Pu Tuo Shanxi halfway up a hill, the south has the life Buddha the hole, the breadth is my if hall, entrance to cave west to, 3~6 meters in height, the breadth is 3~4 meters, grow 45 meters, the area is 157 square meters.When dynasty fog was fond of Man, cloud Ning entrance to cave, so call dynasty cloud.The hole expands in Ming Dynasty, the great void monk fixs a Deng way, and set up building Ge in cliff.The entrance to cave has pure poem to engrave 2.

Green jade falsely the Ge is in the mountain of Pu Tuo seven star rock, because of letter green jade in Ge falsely station but get.The Ge is 7 meters in height, the area is 270 square meters.Falsely the green jade station discards for Sung generation constructing, early.Rebuild in the original address in 1956, tore down to change to set up in 1974, Be finished in 19792 F to visit the gallery type station Ge.Xuan steps but up, the upper level visits 2 of the gallery conjunction all of the dissymmetries to visit a station:In the big station, can see prospect in the city;In the small station, can look down seven star rock studio scene.Green jade falsely Ge building, conceive outline a choiceness, absorb Guangxi three river distance sun bridge and the race, folks of"mourn building" in Guilin construct form, station and Ge to in multiple layers pick and increase agile feeling and build on stilts effect, outstanding topic in"the green jade is falsely", drive construct boundary fame for have the examples of the place, race special feature.

Once male rock original the cold water rock , in the Pu Tuo south of Shandong, is as close together as zoo and once made seven star rock exports.The rock is 4~20 meters in height, the breadth is 5~50 meters, hole mansion, have a stone door before the rock, "crooked and go into, then the flowing water is horizontal among them, green jade the milk hang it up, week wreath four see, its form,such as vulture Juan, engraves Lou, the Dai proceeds from ghost work and different from melt knot of is also".The clear stream that comes from underground river wears a rock and leads, river water ice Lie, so also call a cold water rock, this is the special feature that it differs from another mountain cave.The entrance to cave leaves Sung to engrave more than 10 pieces.The hole wall contains slogans, such as"the mountain cave is a school" and"the enemy is bombing, we are having a class"...etc..The period of the war against Japan is all like that used to antiair mountain cave, reflected Chinese people to resist foreign aggression of fight the invading army decision and necessarily win conviction.

The life Buddha hole is located in the Pu Tuo Lu in Shanxi, 3.4 meters in height, the breadth is 6.4 meters, deep 8.5 meters, the area is about 54 square meters.The Ming Dynasty creates for the life Buddha An.Set up to stay a Xia temple before the An.《Face a laurel county ambition 》 carries:"Fluently cure for eight years(1651), Chu the monk Hun is harmonious still is setting up in order to stay a Xia temple, rise to hide through the Ge and listen to the station in month, palace building hall, have the greatest beautiful, the landscape rounds wreath, the bamboo tree Yan reflects and win to visit for a mansion of ground."Clearing out a clue to rebuild for 18 years(1892) is ruined to a battle fire behind.

Play a son rock the mountain is at the Pu Tuo north Lu, the entrance to cave is high my, the breadth is 14 meters, 6~9 meters in height, the breadth is 4~8 meters, deep 65 meters, the area is 280 square meters, assume Hu-like in shape.Li way the dollar 《water through note 》 says:"Mountain very and river, win to have a stone if pill, natural circle bead Yi, past landscape namely how, check its mountain to contain stone Dou, bottom deeply count Zhang, profound on the hole, don't  investigate it pole."Sung Chun Xi(1174~1189), the widely southern west road plans to pacify to make Liu Zhun, "buy land for the Pu, separate bridge to build a station, look upwards rock, if sit cold spring, to fly to various Feng, hence win to visit for Guilin it most".The wall has Sung generation many sculpture carvingses.

Stay a spring rock the mountain is at the Pu Tuo north Lu, the south is apart from to play son rock 50 meters, 3.5~4 meters in height, the breadth is 3~5 meters, deep 18 meters, the area is 69 square meters.One plain before the rock, the spring returns to the earth, the eyeful is lately green, and it make people linger.The rock takes an idea of its"staying to take spring is resident".Stay a spring rock the landscape is so-so, Sung person the beam Anne's a life time wait 《the milk bed endows with 》 that leaves in the cliff, but is a treatise clock milk stone that can not get more to become because of of science thesis, point out "spring spring summer but ooze to flow, over a long period but Ning …… with year old but account it, 100,000 years but Ying inch", be worth very much my open.There is platform before the rock, Sung generation once set up building Ge and provided the place the officials to inspect a spring sowing of use, so called to save a spring rock.Sung 《spring rock in the province 》 poem of Liu Xi Dan:"province spring rock the side order spring dress, alongside the hole mountain spring immerses hole Ji", "the mire Yan doesn't come to light Ji, the wild Lu Gu flies to take to fall Hui".Wrote spring rock in the province to rather get a visitor to appreciate.

Double loyalty station at work properly sword river Ge the old bridge is northern, start Be set up to Kangxi 53 years(1714), in order to Be in remembrance of don't die clearly of Ju type the Si and piece is together my, past again"double loyalty ancestral temple".Guangxu 18 years(1892) reconstruction, increased Hun harmonious still, sex is because of the spirit tablets, such as monk and righteous person Yang Yi...etc..Fight the invading army a period be ruined, the ruins still save.

The crescent moon mountain is located in inside seven star parks, is the Dou handle one of the Fengs of seven star mountains, have a rock because of the halfway up a hill like new moon, past.Ming Dynasty Meng's knowing well a crescent moon rock poem is great:"The sky establishes rock beard for thou, the crescent moon white is now.Tree low thousand shoreses turn, hole my ten thousand Fengses invade", the crescent moon mountain beautiful scenery daintiness, Shanxi follow small east the river have stone class to ascend, follow the road has a companion station, crescent moon rock for month, small widely cold Ge and Jin river Ge etc. view, and all face river's noodles, the visual field is spacious, view in Guilin City know Chen at present, the visitor is might it not be free of mind and happy of heart.Get to Shanxi southern Lu under the stone class, there is Long Yin Dong, Long Yin Yan and laurel sea stone tablet Lin Deng famous spot in Guilin.

Crescent moon building the jade Heng in the crescent moon mountain Feng northern Lu.3 F, bottom for the restaurant, small shop, win is a vegetarian food building, top is party hall, belvedere.The lord building grows 31 meters, deep 13 meters, the total area is about 1200 square meters.Have the hallway to build on stilts and the empress mountain arbor mutually after the building.The whole building constitutes to°from the building, station and gallery, the height is wrong to fall, rise and fall to, combine with close natural environment.The vegetarian food here contains more than 100 years of history and only has one space.Go up to upper floor to taste place taste of at the same time, can also watch with interest the mountain of Pu Tuo and Bo to hope station and Pu Tuo the Jing give up, flower bridge, exhibition and far mountain near view.If Guo Mo the poem lauds in 1963:"The crescent moon building is an art gallery building, eight noodles strange Feng Huo far Mou.The none draws in the Wu strange building and draw difficult and white however excellent."

The companion month station closes to a crescent moon rock on the crescent moon mountain mountain way, takes an idea of rock with the companion crescent moon.Start to set up in Manchu dynasty, twice rebuild for 1958, 1978 years.For 4 pillars, list Yan and Zan point crest square station, long, breadth each 2.9 meters, the area is 8.4 square meters, have a half month form view view the set pick a small east river on, is to overlook river's water, the Yao sees "flower bridge Hong shadow" of a little bit the best.

The crescent moon rock is in the crescent moon halfway up a hill in the north of Shanxi, 2~3 meters in height, the breadth is 1.5~3 meters, deep 10.5 meters, the area is 25 square meters.BE spending Jiao to take a distant view, the rock is like new moon.Inside the rock, it is pure to set up crescent moon mountain of temple, 2 F, up is a view sound palace, descend is a big male treasure palace, Be ruined to fight the invading army a war signal.Lately set up "being small is widely cold" building Ge in the old address in 1963, another set up Jin of river Ge connect with each other by flying arched bridge.At my view view, positive such as pure person, Zhang Bao, describe:"Luo Feng far near heap of 1000:00, the parapet returns to wreath to lock 10000.The jade bamboo shoot precious jade Zan mountain painting, Dan maple purple Mao leaf such as spend."

The small wide Sui is in the crescent moon mountain crescent moon rock.In 1964 at crescent moon mountain temple old address, depend on alongside rock cave situation to build 3 open 2 F in the style of antique building Ge, hard ridge, ascent crest, raise Cape, up have already flown arched bridge and Jin river Ge connect with each other and construct area 230 square meters and establish to travel a merchandise to order, is the ideal place of view view, shopping.

Jin river Ge is by the side of the crescent moon mountain crescent moon rock, at first Be set up to pure, text Chang Ge, fought the invading army a period break ruin.Be finished behind far Tiao building, change the name in 1958 Jin river Ge;Change to set up for the reinforced concrete structure in 1959, 14 meters in height, long breadth each 7.8 meters, the total area is more than 120 square meters.

In 1964 from the building science institute for research theory in China and design in the history laboratory, with small widely cold unified construct, two all is 2 F, but Jin river the Ge elevation is higher.Is small widely cold horizontal composition, 6 capes tower aloft and form a concealed on showing, one low one Gao, one empress a front, one horizontal strong contrast of one Shu.Jin river Ge locates at in leading to the scenery way of Long Yin Donging crescent moon mountain, the north contains flower bridge, the northwest has an old man and fold colourful various mountain, descend face a little east river, is a visitor necessarily through of way, again is appreciate and spend bridge an and take the divine spot that the lovely view constellates.

The station of Can Luan's stone on the stage in the east side of Long Yin Yan, takes more"fly Luan the Xia Can is not" poetry.《Ambition in Guangxi 》 carries and discards for Chengkong University Fan of Sung setting up, behind.Clear reconstruction, change the name Yi cloud station.Clear pack of Yu 《rebuild Yi cloud station to record 》 detailed record it to start don't, Mo precipice depend on sparse can Bian.The station of Can Luan is ex- to face small east of river, empress Tuo Shanxi north Lu, life Buddha hole south side, with fly to a stone close together.It is 7.5 meters in height, present not equilateral polygon.Is verdant to hold such as the jade, the pure Tong Jun engraves "the Cui holds cold rain" on the stone.

The Lan month station at the crescent moon mountain precious jade light apex, original hiss cloud station.There is mountain climbing way by the side of Jin river Ge can reach.This 70's in century lately sets up, is 4 pillar concrete structure in the style of antique station, 6.5 meters in height, grow 5.4 meters, the breadth is 5.8 meters, the area is 31.3 square meters.Sung light Xu sum, the week visits a book to unite.The Li river slowly flows through from north but south, the Tong clan drum building of the east coast race romantic feeling park is high towering to sign, west coast worry mountain, fold colourful, Fu wave, only show and old man the various Feng come clearly to view, looking beyond Guilin to win another good place.

Dan laurel rock at the downtown crescent moon mountain Jin river the Ge west 50 meters place.As well call to soar to the skies hole.The hole river faces west, deep 6 meters, the breadth is 5 meters.Pile up at culture of thick about 2 meterses in, contain the knot soil of Huang He Jiao and Luo hull to pile up a layer, learn in although discover to whet to make bone needle and the deer, pig and sheep animal skeleton and a great deal of petal gill water vivid thing skeleton.It is the ruins of neolithic ancients hole.Because of sabotage, greatly parts of culture pile up depletion already, there is still a little amount damaged site in only cave Houpi.

The Cui holds one of the stones in stone Guilin, at Pu spring.The milk stone inside the hole hangs to hang, the gloom forces Ze, the visitors halt enough to explore more strange, stay Mo rocky cliff to engrave more than 100 pieces.Sung Xi rather set up a sakya temple at Long Yin Yan and is four one of the name templeses for laurel state.Set up to hide stone tablet Ge in 1963.Set up a stone tablet gallery in 1988, the gallery Ge connects with each other and call laurel sea stone tablet wood.Build to display building, 3 F at the rock side again afterward, Gao Ge, song gallery and cornice, the total area reaches to 100 square meters, breadth my brightness, is hide exhibition and view view accompany proper good facilities.

Long Yin Dong is in the crescent moon Lu in the north of Shanxi, 8~12 meters in height, the breadth is 8~20 meters, grow 64 meters, the area is 645 square meters.Have large one, wind around, Jiao strength stone slot Guan hole crest, spread for old Long Yin this to leave trace.The little east river is flowing to note hole, "the gold scale reflection on water water floats empty", reappear the view interest that broke wall but flew in those early years for visitor.Setting up a view view's set at the northwest of the hole in 1963 is the desirable state of view"absolute being dragon".All ages, the visitor isn't unique.Tang Song's sculpture carvings in hole about 100, the posterity has "the wall didn't finish a stone" it to sigh.

In Lu in crescent moon Shanxi, Long Yin Yan is as close together as Long Yin Dong.The rock is 3~5 meters in height, the breadth is 20 meters, deep 10 meters, the area is 200 square meters.Entrance to cave west to, present the form of Qiong Long, be like a pocket, be so called a calico sack rock.Spread an old dragon inside the once concealed rock, the empress is from Long Yin Dong"broke wall but flew", so had Long Yin's.This rock develops a little bit early, Sung person, Tan Ping, lies to say, "world cave, the type is many You yins, or far water, pure rhyme shortage;Long Yin Yan is tall but clear, falsely but have been already permitted, probably green jade fall hole, but ascend to look at of rich then lead it".The southern corner of rock, the eminence contains one rock of hanging, hangs hole;There is one hole in the northern side of rock and be like a trumpet shell, trumpet shell hole, have platform before the hole, is Chan set, have a drop of jade the spring in hole, spread for boil Ming depend on crescent moon foothill, "fly the wing drum, the surroundings contains column, the Zhi declines road", become the ground of generation famous spot.The thou station doesn't reply to save.The original address lately sets up now, concrete structure, 6.5 meters in height, grow breadth each 3.5 meterses, the area is 12.25 square meters, reply an of "Can Luan".

Assist star mountain in the Pu Tuo mountain south, crescent moon Shandong noodles, the elevation is 221 meters, the opposite height is about 71 meters, and the area is 2.75 hectares.《Ambition in Guangxi 》 carries:"Seven star mountain, seven Feng positions are like Big Dipper, another small Feng aside, the day assists a star."The mountain has a small way to travel over, crescent moon mountain, give seven star parks even to add an interesting.

Hilt of a sword stone at the crescent moon mountain jade Heng Feng north, be like a the hilt of a sword that a double-edged sword to peep out in the mountain.The stone is 14.4 meters in height, isolated and lofty, up engrave "row Cui it holds"4 ancient form of writings, is one of five name stones in Guilins.

The camel mountain is one of famous mountains in Guilin City in seven star parks, original wine pot mountain.Very much resembling camel because of its status, hence it.Whenever morning and night, the Xia only reflects to show off mountain stone, the color and luster is rich in hues, very sublime.Clearly pure, below the hills the time plants peach tree, if meet spring into, peach blossom lousy Man, river Xia is purple work, divide an outside flirtatious.Therefore, "pot mountain red Xia" is new Manchu dynasty Guilin eight one of the viewses.The mountain around opens up zoo and the flower arrangement skill pavilions and terraces building Ges, such as Yuan and flower nursery tea room...etc. now.The peach blossom remains, the laurel becomes a wood, flower and fruit full park, "pot mountain red Xia" much more more gorgeous Zi.

Flower arrangement park at seven southeasts in the star park, camel mountain south side, Be finished in 1985, the area is more than 4355 square meters and divide water stone, stake view, milk stone 3 view areas, water stone view area , from entrance to landscape gallery, establish various absorb water stone, water side stone makes into of the flower arrangement , from landscape gallery to water Xie, display various tree stake flower arrangement and outdoor tree stake and cover 2465 square meter;The milk stone view area , from water Xie to exit, displays various clock milk stone flower arrangement and cover 830 square meters, this is the essence of whole Yuanses, it is more totally different than the hole mansion of dreamlike sort.But is to expose under the bright and beautiful sunlight, return it pure and noble original appearance, have of Can if morning glow, the Cui having is like Dai jade, have of absolutely is spray thin of fly spring.Each kind of flower arrangement being all about 2000 belongs to delicacy all, each poetic charm, the idea interest is natural, and adopted window hole, view window, view door and pick plank, ground the view, the Bo thou etc. variety to display style.Constuct inside the view area, set out extremely different, or pond fish, fold a stone, wild goose wall and fence, or even bridge, song gallery, water Xie and pavilions and terraces, or grove, bamboo grove, turf-grass and rattan, with the building essay, courtyard and plant conjunction or box off into some spaces, the turns and twists is nice and secluded, such as go into fairyland, it concuss absolute being the public to move, eyes not the Xia answer.

Work properly a sword river work properly a sword river and work properly sword river again, eastern in the city, come from sun house of southern big river country in Yao Shanxi of northern, the southern Yao mountain highway is one garden pond, there is spring in the pond, whole year round not He.From the pond go to Lu Mao ping An in Yao Shanxi the neighborhood there is one gutters to the north, plentiful water season, water infusion works properly a sword river.Seven bullet mountains work properly a sword river to round its bottom, there is of bullet river.Work properly sword hair to stay a spring rock and play son rock, comrade's bridge, Zhang Shu Mu, seven star mountains from the Yao mountain, through spring rock in the province, will be small east river, round crescent moon, Long Yin, go to wear mountain person Li river, all grow about 9 kilometers.It flows through numerous famous vestige of winnings, it is also most shown affection for by visitor.

篇4

一、學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的內(nèi)涵

要正確、全面的理解學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的內(nèi)涵，需要從企業(yè)文化和學(xué)習(xí)型組織兩個(gè)方面綜合談起。所謂企業(yè)文化，是指在一定社會文化背景下的管理文化，是一種新的現(xiàn)代企業(yè)管理科學(xué)理論和管理方式，也是一種精神動力和文化資源。企業(yè)文化主要是通過精神和文化的力量，從管理的深層次上規(guī)范企業(yè)的行為，為實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)的目標(biāo)服務(wù)。它的核心特質(zhì)是以人為本、以文化人。所謂學(xué)習(xí)型組織，麻省理工學(xué)院的彼得?圣吉認(rèn)為，是指通過培養(yǎng)彌漫于整個(gè)組織的學(xué)習(xí)氣氛、充分發(fā)揮員工的創(chuàng)造性思維能力而建立起來的一種有機(jī)的、高度柔性的、扁平的、符合人性的、能持續(xù)發(fā)展的組織。這種組織具有持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的能力，具有高于個(gè)人績效總和的綜合績效。

學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化建立在上述二者基礎(chǔ)之上，其內(nèi)涵可以理解為：企業(yè)通過培養(yǎng)彌漫于整個(gè)組織的學(xué)習(xí)氣氛和充分發(fā)揮員工的創(chuàng)造性思維能力而建立起來的鼓勵(lì)和促進(jìn)知識分享與創(chuàng)造的價(jià)值觀念、指導(dǎo)信念和思維方式。隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展，企業(yè)的核心競爭力形態(tài)不斷變化，任何企業(yè)的競爭力都最直接體現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品競爭力上，圍繞產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng)新是提升企業(yè)競爭力的關(guān)鍵；而產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新是由技術(shù)競爭力決定的，所以說，技術(shù)競爭力優(yōu)先；技術(shù)競爭力則由制度競爭力決定，制度高于技術(shù)，制度又成了第一競爭力；但制度無非是物化了的理念的存在形式，沒有正確的理念就沒有科學(xué)的制度。因此，理念又高于制度，理念成了第一競爭力。理念決定制度，制度決定技術(shù)，技術(shù)決定產(chǎn)品?，F(xiàn)代企業(yè)的競爭已從產(chǎn)品平臺的競爭轉(zhuǎn)向深層次的理念平臺的競爭。任何企業(yè)如果沒有全體管理者和員工科學(xué)、統(tǒng)一的價(jià)值觀念和思維方式，就無法在當(dāng)代的商海中自由搏擊。建立學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化正是培育當(dāng)代企業(yè)核心競爭力的有效途徑。

學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化與傳統(tǒng)企業(yè)文化相比，在以下幾方面存在差異：一是學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)是組織學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)，倡導(dǎo)員工必須有一種自我超越的精神追求，將學(xué)習(xí)作為一種真正的終生學(xué)習(xí)。而傳統(tǒng)的企業(yè)文化更多的是強(qiáng)調(diào)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力的完善，強(qiáng)調(diào)企業(yè)家作為企業(yè)文化的總設(shè)計(jì)師，他的價(jià)值觀、思維方式、人格魅力對企業(yè)總體風(fēng)貌的影響；二是學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化強(qiáng)調(diào)目標(biāo)的共享性，注重個(gè)人目標(biāo)和組織目標(biāo)的統(tǒng)一，但傳統(tǒng)的企業(yè)文化，更多的是對員工完成組織目標(biāo)的任務(wù)性要求，企業(yè)文化的凝聚力和驅(qū)動力作用發(fā)揮不明顯；三是大多數(shù)企業(yè)傳統(tǒng)的企業(yè)文化起源于企業(yè)在長期生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營活動中自發(fā)的、無意識積累中形成的企業(yè)經(jīng)營理念和經(jīng)營價(jià)值觀，也有一些企業(yè)會通過有意識的學(xué)習(xí)去設(shè)計(jì)自己的企業(yè)文化，提出一些文字性的經(jīng)營理念、經(jīng)營使命、經(jīng)營價(jià)值觀等，但往往帶有一般性、模仿性、樸素性、不連貫性，缺乏系統(tǒng)性和適應(yīng)性，而學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化更加注重整體觀念和系統(tǒng)思考，傾力塑造一種知識共享的團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)氛圍，企業(yè)成員的能力普遍得到完善和提高；四是與傳統(tǒng)企業(yè)文化相比，學(xué)習(xí)型組織由于更加強(qiáng)調(diào)以學(xué)習(xí)為主導(dǎo)和不斷學(xué)習(xí)的過程，所以，學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的創(chuàng)建也將更加體現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新、應(yīng)變等文化要素的融入，使企業(yè)對環(huán)境變化的適應(yīng)能力不斷增強(qiáng)。

二、民營企業(yè)創(chuàng)建學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的必要性

1、傳統(tǒng)民營企業(yè)文化的缺失

中國的民營企業(yè)正處在劇烈的轉(zhuǎn)型期。產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)在調(diào)整，經(jīng)營領(lǐng)域在變化，職工的文化結(jié)構(gòu)正在提高。民營企業(yè)發(fā)展初期所擅長的集中垂直型面對面管理，只適合搞簡單加工制造業(yè)，而且一般管理人員和普通員工個(gè)人創(chuàng)造性難以發(fā)揮。隨著工廠制向公司制過渡，民營企業(yè)、尤其是那些遍布全國的相對獨(dú)立的子公司組成的松散型的企業(yè)集團(tuán)，在管理上就必須向扁平化及職業(yè)經(jīng)理人制度過渡。一個(gè)企業(yè)的發(fā)展不能只靠一個(gè)能人，一個(gè)能人要善于團(tuán)結(jié)更多比自己更強(qiáng)的一批人同心協(xié)力發(fā)展，這才是當(dāng)代民營企業(yè)發(fā)展的大計(jì)，這就要靠恰當(dāng)、合理的企業(yè)文化。

但是，在當(dāng)前我國的民營企業(yè)中，企業(yè)文化的缺位和落后是普遍存在的現(xiàn)象。通常民營企業(yè)或多或少存在以下落后的企業(yè)文化：只有親屬和朋友才是值得信任的，任人唯親；對職員的培訓(xùn)是浪費(fèi)錢財(cái)，忽視人力資源；不允許出現(xiàn)異議，唯企業(yè)家個(gè)人意志；態(tài)度重于業(yè)績，家長制作風(fēng)嚴(yán)重。

很多民營企業(yè)善用經(jīng)濟(jì)杠桿和組織手段，提倡“收入能高能低，職工能進(jìn)能出，干部能上能下”等，對職工的管理也比較嚴(yán)格，甚至還延伸到了八小時(shí)以外。這些民營企業(yè)的高層管理者不懂得溝通、交流、尊重在凝聚員工人心方面的重要性，動輒寫檢查、扣獎(jiǎng)金、辭退人，用壓制、馴服的手段管理企業(yè)，將職位高低、收入多寡等“錢與權(quán)”這些東西在企業(yè)管理當(dāng)中的作用發(fā)揮至極限，根本不了解企業(yè)文化在形成全體職員共同的心理契約和親和力方面的積極作用。隨著后工業(yè)時(shí)代的來臨，人們將不再把工作僅僅看成謀生手段，而是作為提高生命質(zhì)量的一種途徑。個(gè)人的工作追求絕不僅僅在于職位高低、收入多寡，和諧、寬松、平等、順心的人際關(guān)系更為重要。同樣，企業(yè)文化將不再是企業(yè)追逐利潤的手段，而是企業(yè)存在與發(fā)展的內(nèi)在需求。學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化要求每一位職工都成為“學(xué)習(xí)者”，建立共同愿景，實(shí)現(xiàn)自我超越，從工作中得出生命的意義，達(dá)到倫理上的整體感。

許多民營企業(yè)也開始重視職工精神方面的激勵(lì)，經(jīng)常搞一些娛樂、慶典、談心、宣傳活動。但是，民營企業(yè)往往犯有以下常見的錯(cuò)誤：注重娛樂、慶典、禮儀、網(wǎng)站、內(nèi)刊等等激發(fā)榮譽(yù)感活動的形式，而不理解這些活動只是企業(yè)文化的載體，雖然都屬于企業(yè)文化的范疇，但還不是企業(yè)文化的全部和核心；做思想政治工作時(shí)往往搞那些口號式的、嚇唬人的東西；搞“宣傳”工作時(shí)不注重實(shí)效，老是自己寫，自己看，自己把自己哄得團(tuán)團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)；設(shè)計(jì)CIS時(shí)不注重差異性，而是動輒就提出“占領(lǐng)主陣地和唱響主旋律”；樹立企業(yè)家形象時(shí)則過多地染上濃重的個(gè)人色彩。真正科學(xué)的企業(yè)文化，應(yīng)當(dāng)作為一種偉大組織和優(yōu)美制度而存在，而在這些組織和制度背后的核心則是統(tǒng)一的信念及信念對于全體職員所具有的感召力。

2、民營企業(yè)創(chuàng)建學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的意義

（1）知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代對民營企業(yè)發(fā)展的要求。知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代是一個(gè)以知識和智力資源占有、配置、使用及消費(fèi)為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長動力的時(shí)代。企業(yè)要想在競爭中求生存，在不斷的爭斗中實(shí)現(xiàn)其戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)和凸顯其核心競爭力，擁有大量的高能力、高素質(zhì)的知識型和技能型員工無疑是實(shí)現(xiàn)這一系列目標(biāo)的最佳保證。而許多民營企業(yè)的成長歷程，決定了民營企業(yè)內(nèi)部情緣、血緣、類似血緣關(guān)系的建立高于人力資源的理性配置，這種先天的缺陷導(dǎo)致企業(yè)融合新員工帶來新的個(gè)體文化的難度要比國有、外資企業(yè)更大，民營企業(yè)對待外部吸納的員工，更加注重的是他們?nèi)蝿?wù)目標(biāo)的完成程度。因此，民營企業(yè)人才流失率高、技術(shù)工人經(jīng)常斷檔一直是令企業(yè)主頭痛、難以解決的問題。從根本上解決這個(gè)難題的辦法就是建立注重以人為本、個(gè)人超越和突破的學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化。通過不斷強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人愿景與共同愿景的統(tǒng)一：一方面有利于拓展員工的學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域，提高其自身能力和素質(zhì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)和員工的共同發(fā)展；另一方面也有利于調(diào)動員工的工作積極性，培養(yǎng)員工的責(zé)任心和榮譽(yù)感，增強(qiáng)企業(yè)對優(yōu)秀人才的吸引力。所以，學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化能使企業(yè)的核心凝聚力和驅(qū)動力作用發(fā)揮明顯，能較好地適應(yīng)知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代對企業(yè)發(fā)展的要求。

（2）民營企業(yè)長期發(fā)展的保障。不少民營企業(yè)的企業(yè)文化具有鮮明的唯企業(yè)家個(gè)人意志的色彩。這種狀況與民營企業(yè)經(jīng)營者的經(jīng)歷分不開。他們或承受風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力特別強(qiáng)，或?qū)C(jī)會特別敏感，或技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的能力特別強(qiáng)，或有運(yùn)作市場的豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)，或有很強(qiáng)的人際關(guān)系能力，或有很強(qiáng)的融資能力等等。這些獨(dú)到的能力，一方面，使他們能在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)叢生的市場競爭中一路走來，另一方面，也使他們遇到問題更加相信自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)判斷和能力。而且，創(chuàng)業(yè)之初以“家族制”形式生存的管理模式結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、決策迅速、指揮統(tǒng)一，加之血濃于水的親情構(gòu)建的組織凝聚力，使得民營企業(yè)在突破常規(guī)、尋求生存發(fā)展的過程中顯示出了獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢。然而，當(dāng)企業(yè)發(fā)展到一定規(guī)模，恰恰是原來的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢逐步變?yōu)樽璧K企業(yè)發(fā)展的瓶頸，企業(yè)逐漸顯現(xiàn)唯個(gè)人意志文化的弊端?，F(xiàn)實(shí)中很多民營企業(yè)在經(jīng)歷了最初的輝煌之后，走向衰退的速度非常之快，企業(yè)的平均壽命較短。究竟哪些因素是造成這一問題的主要原因呢？雖然由于各個(gè)企業(yè)自身情況和所處環(huán)境有很大差別，造成企業(yè)壽命較短的原因也會多種多樣，但是不可否認(rèn)的是，企業(yè)在發(fā)展的進(jìn)程中，企業(yè)管理者在思想上安于現(xiàn)狀、不思進(jìn)取、唯個(gè)人意志、經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義滋生是非常重要的原因。而學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的建立，強(qiáng)調(diào)終生學(xué)習(xí)、不斷超越和突破；強(qiáng)調(diào)改變心智模式，理性而系統(tǒng)地思考。這對于企業(yè)明確自身戰(zhàn)略定位和發(fā)展目標(biāo)，改變陳舊的思維模式和工作方式有積極的意義，是維持企業(yè)長期發(fā)展的重要保證。

（3）民營企業(yè)適應(yīng)市場競爭的需要。企業(yè)文化是企業(yè)中必不可少的要素之一，尤其對現(xiàn)階段處于由人治向法治轉(zhuǎn)換過程中的我國民營企業(yè)，學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化將能削弱甚至取代個(gè)人影響力在企業(yè)中的過分存在，為向現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的平穩(wěn)發(fā)展、壯大創(chuàng)造條件。學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的核心是價(jià)值觀，表現(xiàn)為行為，即企業(yè)的凝聚力、員工對企業(yè)的忠誠度、責(zé)任感、自豪感、精神面貌和職業(yè)化行為規(guī)范，對共同價(jià)值的認(rèn)同，會使員工產(chǎn)生穩(wěn)定的歸屬感，從而吸引、留住人才，為增強(qiáng)知識經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下企業(yè)的競爭力提供人才保障。良好、健康的企業(yè)文化還能夠提高效率、減少費(fèi)用支出、提升品牌含金量、增加產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值，從而增強(qiáng)企業(yè)競爭力。

在當(dāng)今社會，創(chuàng)新是任何企業(yè)提升競爭力的根本保證，不斷的創(chuàng)新是企業(yè)經(jīng)營的基礎(chǔ)，是企業(yè)發(fā)展的動力源泉。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為：知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代最稀缺的要素是知識，是不斷創(chuàng)新的技術(shù)。對知識管理最有效的手段就是創(chuàng)新文化。而學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的建立，通過持續(xù)的自我超越、不斷改善的心智模式以及團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)，從系統(tǒng)方面進(jìn)行不斷的創(chuàng)新，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)人與組織的共同愿景，不斷增強(qiáng)企業(yè)的競爭力?？梢赃@么說，學(xué)習(xí)就是不斷地利用知識創(chuàng)造出新知識的過程，沒有學(xué)習(xí)，創(chuàng)新就成了無源之水。因此，培育學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化也是民營企業(yè)適應(yīng)市場競爭的需要。

（4）促進(jìn)企業(yè)文化內(nèi)涵建設(shè)的手段。在民營企業(yè)文化建設(shè)過程中，最突出的問題就是盲目追求企業(yè)文化的形式，而忽略了企業(yè)文化的內(nèi)涵建設(shè)。主要表現(xiàn)在：一是將企業(yè)文化等同于企業(yè)外在形象設(shè)計(jì)，把更多的精力放在了企業(yè)標(biāo)語口號的斟酌、企業(yè)標(biāo)識的設(shè)計(jì)上，沒有采取有力的措施把企業(yè)文化核心──企業(yè)精神體現(xiàn)在企業(yè)的經(jīng)營活動中，也沒有把企業(yè)精神滲透到企業(yè)員工思維方式、工作、行為習(xí)慣中；二是將企業(yè)文化等同于企業(yè)文體活動，寄希望于通過豐富多彩的文體活動來達(dá)到塑造企業(yè)精神的目的；三是將企業(yè)文化等同于規(guī)章制度。他們認(rèn)為，只要制定出企業(yè)的規(guī)章制度，組織員工學(xué)習(xí)、了解并嚴(yán)格實(shí)施，企業(yè)的文化建設(shè)就完成了。而優(yōu)秀的企業(yè)文化應(yīng)該是以體現(xiàn)企業(yè)價(jià)值觀的行為準(zhǔn)則和規(guī)范引導(dǎo)員工的行為朝著有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)目標(biāo)的方向發(fā)展，為企業(yè)在市場競爭中的發(fā)展提供動力源，最終提高企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，增強(qiáng)企業(yè)的實(shí)力。因此，提高對企業(yè)文化內(nèi)涵建設(shè)的思想認(rèn)識、注重企業(yè)文化的內(nèi)涵建設(shè)是非常重要的。學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的創(chuàng)建，使得企業(yè)上下必須樹立重視學(xué)習(xí)的價(jià)值理念，注重培養(yǎng)企業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，營造良好的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境和氛圍，只有全體員工都意識到學(xué)習(xí)的重要性和必要性，理解學(xué)習(xí)是企業(yè)生存發(fā)展的根本，企業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)文化的塑造才有共同的思想平臺，才能真正產(chǎn)生文化應(yīng)有的推動力。

三、民營企業(yè)創(chuàng)建學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的途徑

1、樹立學(xué)習(xí)的價(jià)值觀

價(jià)值觀和價(jià)值體系是學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的核心內(nèi)容，是聯(lián)結(jié)企業(yè)員工之所想和所做的紐帶，對員工的行為具有重要的約束和支配作用。民營企業(yè)要建立學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化，一方面必須使全體成員達(dá)成學(xué)習(xí)的共識，抓好共同愿景這個(gè)切入點(diǎn)，要把建立共同愿景作為創(chuàng)建學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)和創(chuàng)立企業(yè)文化的一個(gè)載體，夯實(shí)認(rèn)識基礎(chǔ)，解決方向問題、動力問題，增強(qiáng)企業(yè)共同愿景的感召力和凝聚力，使員工奮斗有方向，工作有動力。另一方面，要在員工中倡導(dǎo)如下學(xué)習(xí)理念和價(jià)值取向：保持強(qiáng)烈的競爭意識和濃厚的學(xué)習(xí)興趣與能力；敢冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、勇于變革、勇于創(chuàng)新；善于合作和交流等。這樣才能使企業(yè)和員工在變動的環(huán)境中持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和成長，學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化才能得以建立。

2、進(jìn)行總體規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)

為了保證學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的創(chuàng)建有計(jì)劃、有目的的進(jìn)行，民營企業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層在建立學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化之前，需要在充分掌握學(xué)習(xí)型組織和企業(yè)文化等相關(guān)學(xué)科理論的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合企業(yè)的實(shí)際情況、戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)和客觀環(huán)境，預(yù)先策劃、制定實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的方式、方法和途徑，以形成學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化建設(shè)的規(guī)范和依據(jù)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，由相關(guān)的職能部門拿出具體的行動計(jì)劃和測評方案。最后，以此為依據(jù)對員工的個(gè)人職業(yè)生涯進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，并結(jié)合企業(yè)共同愿景文化建設(shè)對員工引導(dǎo)發(fā)展，從而持續(xù)、漸進(jìn)地形成培育“學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)的愿景文化”。

3、營造良好的組織學(xué)習(xí)的文化氛圍

文化的形成與環(huán)境有十分密切的關(guān)系，要想營造學(xué)習(xí)型的企業(yè)文化，就要形成鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)及員工學(xué)習(xí)和知識共享的組織環(huán)境和氛圍。要在民營企業(yè)中營造一種坦誠、平等、民主、自由、和諧的氣氛，形成一種相互尊重、高度信任、有利于知識傳播和共享的人文環(huán)境，促進(jìn)員工間的相互學(xué)習(xí)和共同學(xué)習(xí)以及團(tuán)隊(duì)和組織的持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)，以提高企業(yè)整體學(xué)習(xí)能力，創(chuàng)立知識共享機(jī)制。首先企業(yè)要樹立終生學(xué)習(xí)的理念。大力推動個(gè)人愿景的建立和與企業(yè)共同愿景的結(jié)合，培養(yǎng)員工熱愛學(xué)習(xí)、勇于競爭、敢于創(chuàng)新的精神，增強(qiáng)員工自覺學(xué)習(xí)和不斷學(xué)習(xí)的能力，使企業(yè)發(fā)展成為一個(gè)高度自覺的學(xué)習(xí)型組織。其次要營造一種有利于知識共享的文化氛圍。企業(yè)的管理者要清楚，個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)不等于團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)；團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)所產(chǎn)生的收益要大于個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)。因此，企業(yè)必須把集體知識的獲得、共享作為企業(yè)贏取競爭優(yōu)勢的支柱，在本企業(yè)中努力營造一種民主、平等、自由、和諧的知識共享的交流氛圍，使企業(yè)整體能力得到提高。再次要培育勇于挑戰(zhàn)和創(chuàng)新的企業(yè)精神。民營企業(yè)的管理層應(yīng)當(dāng)清醒認(rèn)識到未來企業(yè)的競爭在很大程度上是創(chuàng)新的較量。因此，本企業(yè)要想保持源源不斷的創(chuàng)新源泉，就必須注重營造一種寬松的創(chuàng)新環(huán)境。要鼓勵(lì)員工敢于否定傳統(tǒng)、敢于質(zhì)疑和挑戰(zhàn)；要重視員工的新思想、新火花，倡導(dǎo)員工努力創(chuàng)造新知識和新的工作方式。最后要營造鼓勵(lì)冒險(xiǎn)和容忍失敗的文化環(huán)境。有創(chuàng)新，就會有失敗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。民營企業(yè)的管理者要正視這一問題，通過努力創(chuàng)造鼓勵(lì)冒險(xiǎn)和容忍失敗的文化環(huán)境，能夠培養(yǎng)員工敢冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、勇于進(jìn)取的精神；否則，有了失敗就追究責(zé)任，就會使員工因循守舊、固步自封，本企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新也就無從談起。

4、發(fā)揮管理者的示范帶動作用

哈羅德?孔茨和海因茨?韋里克指出：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者并不是站在群體的后面推動和激勵(lì)，而是要置身于群體之中，促動群體前進(jìn)。在民營企業(yè)創(chuàng)建學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的過程中，管理者的示范帶動作用仍非常關(guān)鍵。這就要求企業(yè)管理者一方面自身要是一個(gè)好的學(xué)習(xí)者，要有居安思危的憂患意識和穩(wěn)中求變的創(chuàng)新意識，做好帶動和示范的作用；另一方面，企業(yè)管理者要督促和激勵(lì)員工有效的學(xué)習(xí)，起到一個(gè)好教練和好教師的作用，塑造一種濃厚的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍。

5、構(gòu)建有利于鼓勵(lì)學(xué)習(xí)的組織機(jī)制和結(jié)構(gòu)

要構(gòu)建有利于鼓勵(lì)學(xué)習(xí)的組織機(jī)制和結(jié)構(gòu)，民營企業(yè)需要從以下幾方面做出改變：一是企業(yè)要結(jié)合自身特點(diǎn)，在企業(yè)中精簡組織層級，建立一種緊湊的扁平型組織結(jié)構(gòu)，創(chuàng)建工作團(tuán)隊(duì)，使本企業(yè)更加靈活從而提高效率。二是要打破部門間的界限，促進(jìn)形成企業(yè)內(nèi)知識和信息的交流傳播。在企業(yè)內(nèi)部，通過建立開放式的工作環(huán)境，消除企業(yè)內(nèi)部的條條框框和冗長的程序，以完善內(nèi)部溝通網(wǎng)絡(luò)，增強(qiáng)員工之間的相互交流和學(xué)習(xí)。三是要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一種對外開放的組織機(jī)制。在外部，企業(yè)可以通過研討會、集會、參觀學(xué)習(xí)或建立項(xiàng)目小組等各種渠道進(jìn)行知識、信息的有效交流、合作和共享，使企業(yè)能及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、全面地從外部收集信息和積累知識。四是建立學(xué)習(xí)型組織的促進(jìn)和激勵(lì)機(jī)制。學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化的塑造，需要企業(yè)建立報(bào)酬、股權(quán)、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)等物質(zhì)激勵(lì)機(jī)制和給予員工信任、尊重、學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展的機(jī)會等精神激勵(lì)機(jī)制。從而為培育學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)文化提供有力的保障。

篇5

首先，茶業(yè)的繁榮，促進(jìn)了瓷器制造業(yè)的繁榮，為瓷器的發(fā)展奠定了物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。唐代，茶成為了大眾消費(fèi)品，中國北方也已經(jīng)是“茶為食物，無異米鹽?！保ā杜f唐書•李玉傳》）文獻(xiàn)中記載：“江淮之人，什二三以茶為業(yè)。”（《全唐文•祁門縣新修閶門溪記》這些都可以充分說明，在唐代，茶已經(jīng)深入到人們?nèi)粘Ｉ町?dāng)中，范圍上也已擴(kuò)展至全國，在國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)當(dāng)中起到舉足輕重的作用。茶葉的興盛推動了瓷器制造業(yè)的繁榮，《中國茶經(jīng)》有這樣的記載：“唐朝中期，北方消費(fèi)茶增多，引起各地瓷窯的興起，尤以燒制茶具為中心。”根據(jù)考古發(fā)掘的資料來看，這一時(shí)期窯址的出土物中，與茶器相關(guān)的器物數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于前代，也在同時(shí)代出土器物中占了很大比重。以越窯為例，盛唐一朝，碗、盤、水盂、注子產(chǎn)量最大，占所有出土物的80%以上，而以碗的出土量最為巨大。（《中國陶瓷史》）除了水盂之外，上面提及的其他三種瓷器均作為茶具使用。

其次，茶文化的興起，推動了瓷器器型的革新。唐代以前，瓷器尚保留了大量陶器的特征。自茶文化興起，瓷器變得更加靈動。以壺為例，魏晉時(shí)期流行“雞首壺”，壺身與早先的陶罐無異，僅多一雞首狀流，盤口、鼓腹，短小流，整件器物重心偏下，顯得厚重。唐代以后，“湯瓶”取代了“雞首壺”，盤口逐漸變?yōu)槌蘅?，腹變小，流加長，且流多管狀或棱狀，重心上移，整件器物顯得活潑。這些變化，可能與晚唐時(shí)期興起的“點(diǎn)茶法”有關(guān)?！包c(diǎn)茶法”即先將茶末置于盞內(nèi)，用湯瓶注以沸水，將茶末調(diào)成膏狀，最后持湯瓶向盞中沖注適量熱水而成飲用的茶。向茶盞中沖注的動作稱為“點(diǎn)”，因?yàn)楸K的容量很小“，點(diǎn)”特別講究技巧，否則沸水很容易溢出。于是對裝沸水的湯瓶的要求也逐漸提高，從流里面傾倒的水水流要順暢、水量要適度、落水要準(zhǔn)確。為了便于點(diǎn)注，高頸、長腹、長流的湯瓶應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。管狀和多棱狀的流，順暢性和水流穩(wěn)定性明顯好于魏晉時(shí)期流行的雞首流。魏晉時(shí)期的碗，直口或者斂口，深腹、實(shí)心底，與陶缽較為相似。至唐代中期，碗多為侈口，由深腹變?yōu)闇\腹，圜底增多。唐代晚期流行斜直壁碗，器型也有逐漸變小的趨勢。關(guān)于唐代文人飲茶方式，文獻(xiàn)中也有零星的記載。唐代具有較高史料價(jià)值的筆記小說《封氏聞見記》卷六有這樣的記載：“……伯熊著黃批衫烏紗帽，手執(zhí)茶器，口通茶名，區(qū)分指點(diǎn)，左右刮目。”茶器內(nèi)裝的是剛剛煎完的茶，溫度較高；喝茶時(shí)要能“手執(zhí)茶器”而不燙手，茶器應(yīng)該便于散熱，而且方便“手執(zhí)”。這一時(shí)期大量發(fā)現(xiàn)的敞口、淺腹、圜底的小碗，敞口、淺腹利于散熱，小巧、圜底的特點(diǎn)，使人能以手執(zhí)住而不致燙手，很可能是作茶具用。這種小型侈口碗，應(yīng)是陸羽所提及的“口唇不卷，底卷而淺，受半升以下”的茶甌。

再次，由于品茶、斗茶風(fēng)氣的興盛，人們不僅對茶色、茶味進(jìn)行品評，還提高了對茶具的審美要求，進(jìn)而推動了瓷器裝飾性造型、紋樣的產(chǎn)生，大大增強(qiáng)其文化內(nèi)涵。“花口”是唐代瓷器的一大特色。中晚唐時(shí)，花口造型開始出現(xiàn)并逐漸流行，大致與茶文化興起的時(shí)間一致。根據(jù)考古的出土材料看，晚唐時(shí)的茶具大量采用花口造型。如當(dāng)時(shí)流行的花口茶甌，通常表現(xiàn)為五瓣花形，腹部無棱，圈足稍外撇，器型小巧精致。陸羽認(rèn)為“膻鼎腥甌，非器也”，即茶具已經(jīng)不是一般的食用器，而是具有了一定文化內(nèi)涵的器物符號?！盎凇钡脑煨?，大大提升瓷器的文化內(nèi)涵，使其脫離了“食用器”的范疇。1987年發(fā)掘的陜西扶風(fēng)法門寺地宮，發(fā)現(xiàn)了極其精美的秘色瓷碗。根據(jù)其器型、一同出土的金銀茶具及文化意義上分析，這些秘色瓷碗應(yīng)該為茶具。以茶具為代表的瓷器燒造，其技術(shù)已為我國青瓷制造的最高水平。

篇6

網(wǎng)絡(luò)營銷不僅僅是“把產(chǎn)品搬上網(wǎng)”,營銷型網(wǎng)站的存在必須是為了用戶訪問,首先吸引有潛在價(jià)值的用戶點(diǎn)擊,才能談到隨后的一切。所以建站前就得考慮好網(wǎng)站推廣的各項(xiàng)基本元素,從營銷角度去策劃,真正能給企業(yè)帶來知名度、客戶和效益的,才是一個(gè)買賣互動的“活網(wǎng)站”。怎樣向“活網(wǎng)站”蛻變,以較少的成本、較快時(shí)間內(nèi)在產(chǎn)品銷售上尋得突破?中小企業(yè)不必模仿大企業(yè)的做法,而應(yīng)根據(jù)自身特點(diǎn),努力把握好幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵要素,就可以在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上脫穎而出。

(一)定位明確、思路清晰

定位,就是找準(zhǔn)你的目標(biāo)客戶以及企業(yè)對應(yīng)的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的差異化價(jià)值(即優(yōu)勢所在)。網(wǎng)站最想做給哪些人看?他們最想看到什么?打開網(wǎng)站后,能否誘發(fā)他們進(jìn)一步的興趣或好感,吸引他們變成企業(yè)的準(zhǔn)客戶?只有做好定位后,才能找到設(shè)計(jì)的方向。而所有設(shè)計(jì)思路都應(yīng)從客戶的視角出發(fā),這是營銷型網(wǎng)站的首要要素。

1.把握核心業(yè)務(wù)客戶的心理和行為。網(wǎng)站要突出核心業(yè)務(wù),區(qū)分經(jīng)營主次。從圖一到圖三可見,該網(wǎng)站推介“l(fā)og house”的目的非常明確,網(wǎng)頁標(biāo)題、網(wǎng)站域名、公司介紹、產(chǎn)品目錄、行業(yè)信息和所有圖片等,全部緊密扣緊log house;而且主要型號放在網(wǎng)站首頁,一目了然,因?yàn)樗鎸Φ目蛻魧儆诖蟊娤M(fèi)品(如工藝品、紡織、電子等)的經(jīng)銷商,在門檻較低、競爭激烈的市場中,經(jīng)銷商們最想知道你具有哪些優(yōu)勢品種或新鮮品種,所以產(chǎn)品首頁務(wù)必要針對客戶心態(tài),突出顯示此項(xiàng)。如果產(chǎn)品換作機(jī)械設(shè)備,那產(chǎn)品首頁就要強(qiáng)調(diào)設(shè)備的技術(shù)特點(diǎn)與服務(wù)對象,目的都是為了讓訪問者一眼判定這是不是他想找的東西。

2.專業(yè)形象讓客戶信任。對訪問者來說,網(wǎng)站就代表了企業(yè)的視覺形象。如同人的打扮要與人的社交地位相襯,網(wǎng)站的整體風(fēng)格也要與企業(yè)的定位相符,否則就會降低訪問者對企業(yè)的信任度,影響客戶的后續(xù)接觸。美國斯坦福大學(xué)研究認(rèn)為,網(wǎng)站訪問者對公司的信任是促成訪問者轉(zhuǎn)化成客戶的關(guān)鍵因素,為此,增強(qiáng)網(wǎng)站可信任性建設(shè)的“十大準(zhǔn)則”包括:網(wǎng)站顯示出有一個(gè)真實(shí)的企業(yè)或組織存在;顯示出網(wǎng)站背后有值得信任的團(tuán)隊(duì)存在;強(qiáng)調(diào)團(tuán)隊(duì)中的專家及所提供服務(wù)的專業(yè)性等。中小企業(yè)受實(shí)力所限,不能模仿大企業(yè)的“大而全”形象,而應(yīng)重點(diǎn)突出本行業(yè)的專業(yè)水準(zhǔn),以贏得客戶青睞。像一些出色的首頁,從色彩設(shè)計(jì)、畫面選擇、實(shí)景照片配備和文字內(nèi)容,均不離核心產(chǎn)品log house,所傳遞出的信息集中而強(qiáng)烈,無一點(diǎn)多余內(nèi)容,顯示出了業(yè)務(wù)熟捻,并且整體氣質(zhì)自然清新、向上,很貼切地詮釋了產(chǎn)品和企業(yè)形象,令訪問者心生好感。因此,做網(wǎng)站整體策劃時(shí),要時(shí)刻考慮客戶的需求,不能盲目跟風(fēng),不能只顧及頁面表面的美觀,美觀度常常是放在最后才考慮的事情;也不能只顧及企業(yè)老板的喜好。網(wǎng)站不是花錢越多、越花哨越好,只有切合銷售的才是最好的。

(二)易記的域名、快捷的服務(wù)器

域名即是“網(wǎng)上商標(biāo)”,具有唯一性。對于著力開拓海外市場的企業(yè)來說,最好把英文站點(diǎn)與中文站點(diǎn)分開,注冊獨(dú)立的英文域名,以外向型的形象出現(xiàn)。英文域名不必與中文名一致,要簡潔易記。常見的英文域名方式是把企業(yè)的中文名稱置換成對應(yīng)的漢語拼音或英語,但可能會讓外國人對其詞義不明所以;另一種是以經(jīng)營領(lǐng)域?yàn)槊?給客戶以直觀的視覺沖擊,哪種方式是以營銷結(jié)果為導(dǎo)向的,是顯而易見的。

網(wǎng)站存放的空間即是服務(wù)器,有幾種類型,其中虛擬主機(jī)是世界上絕大部分企業(yè)建站的選擇。選購虛擬主機(jī)時(shí)除了要關(guān)注其性能,還要了解:1、是否支持自己網(wǎng)站的語言類型。2、自己網(wǎng)站規(guī)模多大,避免造成投入浪費(fèi),中小型企業(yè)網(wǎng)站一般在100M-200M即可。3、機(jī)房地點(diǎn)、穩(wěn)定性、安全性等。要選擇信譽(yù)好、可支持7*24小時(shí)技術(shù)服務(wù)的服務(wù)商,并在不同時(shí)段、不同位置上,測試網(wǎng)站的速度和穩(wěn)定性。

英文網(wǎng)站最好放到海外服務(wù)器上。雖然我國的國際出口帶寬增長很快,到今年6月底達(dá)到約748G,但面對國內(nèi)3億多的網(wǎng)民和眾多企業(yè),相比于發(fā)達(dá)國家,我國的出口帶寬仍是杯水車薪,所以國外用戶訪問國內(nèi)站點(diǎn)時(shí)往往速度緩慢,打開一個(gè)頁面需要幾十秒、上百秒。然而國外調(diào)查顯示,對10秒內(nèi)打不開的網(wǎng)頁,用戶就會放棄,歐美國家寬帶用戶的忍耐時(shí)間更短;首頁打開時(shí)間每增加100毫秒,網(wǎng)站銷售量會減少1%?？梢?滯緩的速度會嚴(yán)重削弱訪問者的興趣,這樣的網(wǎng)站就要面臨死亡。所以選擇國外空間,提高速度,直面客戶群,可使英文網(wǎng)站有更好的推廣效果。

如果客戶以歐美國家為主,可把服務(wù)器放在美國或歐洲;若客戶以亞洲為主,可以把網(wǎng)站放在香港,香港在亞洲范圍內(nèi)速度最快。服務(wù)器在國外,還會顯著提高網(wǎng)站在Google、Yahoo等搜索引擎上的更新頻率和排名,因?yàn)镚oogle的發(fā)源地是美國,其搜索網(wǎng)頁的Spider會優(yōu)先收錄美國本地的網(wǎng)頁。目前國內(nèi)有不少虛擬主機(jī)的服務(wù)商都能提供海外虛擬主機(jī)服務(wù)。海外服務(wù)器的價(jià)格通常會比國內(nèi)服務(wù)器高一點(diǎn),但如果有耐心就能找到“性價(jià)比”很不錯(cuò)的服務(wù)器。

(三)適度的“搜索引擎優(yōu)化”

網(wǎng)站建好后一定要去做網(wǎng)站推廣,“養(yǎng)在深閨無人知”是形成“死網(wǎng)站”的主要原因之一。搜索引擎是用戶得知新網(wǎng)站、尋找貨源的最主要途徑?！八阉饕鎯?yōu)化”是指通過對網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)等要素的合理設(shè)計(jì)與專業(yè)的優(yōu)化技術(shù),使網(wǎng)站符合Google、Yahoo等搜索引擎的運(yùn)作規(guī)則,力爭使網(wǎng)站進(jìn)入搜索結(jié)果的首頁(左側(cè)前10位),這是目前效果最好、最成熟的網(wǎng)站推廣方式。根據(jù)iProspect2008年調(diào)查報(bào)告,搜索的首頁攔截了68%的點(diǎn)擊流量,第二頁的點(diǎn)擊機(jī)會不到20%,前三頁一共攔截了92%的流量;只有8%的人去點(diǎn)擊三頁之后的結(jié)果?？梢?一個(gè)靠前的排名對商業(yè)競爭非常有利,能第一時(shí)間吸引用戶眼球,迅速增加訪問量,以較低的成本在短時(shí)間內(nèi)提升企業(yè)知名度。因此,良好的搜索引擎表現(xiàn)是營銷型網(wǎng)站的必備要素。

從世界范圍來說Google對企業(yè)最重要,它每天處理近3億的搜索請求,接近全球搜索量的2/3,商機(jī)無限。美國Data Recovery Group公司曾一直在Google上排名第四,2002年1月在無預(yù)警的情況下突然被Google排除在搜尋結(jié)果之外,結(jié)果該公司業(yè)務(wù)馬上下跌了30% 。Google在歐美許多國家的市場占有率居絕對地位,以致很多用戶認(rèn)為你若未被列入Google的檢索,就等于在整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界上消失了。對中小型企業(yè)有利的是,Google左側(cè)排名是免費(fèi)的,且公平度較高,這點(diǎn)與Yahoo! 等其它搜索引擎不同。與其花錢購買其它網(wǎng)站的排名,不如把這個(gè)費(fèi)用省下來做Google搜索引擎優(yōu)化,并且會有骨牌效應(yīng),連帶在其它搜索引擎網(wǎng)站的排名都會有所改善。

關(guān)鍵詞(短語)的選取是搜索引擎優(yōu)化的重中之重。選錯(cuò)了詞,后面的推廣工作便是徒勞。注意,外貿(mào)企業(yè)要做的是英文Google的“搜索引擎優(yōu)化”。選擇英文關(guān)鍵詞,要考慮中西方的文化差異,符合目標(biāo)客戶的使用習(xí)慣。至少要有兩個(gè)單詞以上的組合以縮小搜索范圍,切忌使用意義寬泛的單一詞匯,比如只一個(gè)“house”;要使用大部分用戶認(rèn)同的產(chǎn)品名稱,不要使用不規(guī)范的說法或鮮少人知道的型號。有咨詢公司通過調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),我國機(jī)械企業(yè)網(wǎng)站的產(chǎn)品名稱標(biāo)識很不規(guī)范,超過95%的網(wǎng)站缺乏優(yōu)化意識;甚至用自己公司名字在網(wǎng)上搜尋時(shí),有27.1%的企業(yè)網(wǎng)站都不能在搜索結(jié)果前3頁找到自己。

建站前,就要了解用戶搜索時(shí)常用的關(guān)鍵詞組合及使用頻率,并按照自己所選的關(guān)鍵詞組織網(wǎng)頁標(biāo)題和頁面文字,如圖一窗口最頂行的“l(fā)og house/wooden house/log cabin/log home builder/xxx”,就是該產(chǎn)品搜索的常用關(guān)鍵詞,并且按使用頻率從高到低排列,而且這些詞在圖二、圖三的“公司介紹”、“產(chǎn)品目錄”等內(nèi)容里反復(fù)出現(xiàn),是為了便于搜索引擎抓取。這家木屋網(wǎng)站在08年9月建立,目前在英文Google的排名仍居首頁,不到一年時(shí)間里收到有效詢盤200多件,平均每月20件左右,其效果顯而易見。

(四)頁面簡練大方

跟一般中國人習(xí)慣認(rèn)為的“花哨才能吸引人”不同,外國人尤其是歐美客戶,講究直接、實(shí)用。所以,營銷型英文網(wǎng)站從形式到內(nèi)容都應(yīng)以簡約、明朗、大方的設(shè)計(jì)為主,摒棄過于中國化的華麗宏大,以適應(yīng)國外客戶的審美觀念和思維方式。而且,如跑馬燈一樣的繁瑣形式,會減慢網(wǎng)頁打開速度,既不利于用戶訪問,也很不利于搜索引擎優(yōu)化。所以,網(wǎng)站首頁不宜用大量的flash或圖片,應(yīng)以靜態(tài)頁面為主,圖片最好不要超過50kb。

網(wǎng)站結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)優(yōu)化,符合客戶的瀏覽習(xí)慣,設(shè)有清晰的導(dǎo)航、網(wǎng)站地圖、站內(nèi)搜索、完善準(zhǔn)確的產(chǎn)品資料和詳細(xì)的聯(lián)系方式等。網(wǎng)站布局層次簡潔、鮮明;有關(guān)產(chǎn)品、聯(lián)系方式等客戶最關(guān)心的內(nèi)容,直接放在首頁;聯(lián)系方式多樣,既有地址、電話、郵箱,又有即時(shí)通訊(MSN)和在線留言,目的都是引導(dǎo)客戶少點(diǎn)幾次鼠標(biāo)就可以找到他想要的信息。

英文站點(diǎn)的文字翻譯一定要專業(yè),符合國外語言習(xí)慣。特別提醒的是,“公司簡介”務(wù)必質(zhì)樸、簡練,把發(fā)展歷史、業(yè)務(wù)范圍、對客戶的承諾等如實(shí)說明即可,切忌夸大渲染,切忌使用口號式的“中式英語”。中文網(wǎng)站常見的假大空文字,類似抒發(fā)企業(yè)豪情和精神等,絕不能直譯過來搬到英文網(wǎng)站上,即使想表達(dá),用一句話概括足矣。因?yàn)閲饪蛻舾静辉谝膺@些,只看產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),而且這類中式英語往往辭不達(dá)意,多半會讓外國人感到難以理解或好笑,適得其反。

有些中小企業(yè)的網(wǎng)站細(xì)節(jié)粗糙,主頁上把“contact”寫成“contract”;有的產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)刪除了或鏈接失效了,可圖片還在,訪問者點(diǎn)進(jìn)去卻什么都沒有;英文站中還援引中文地圖,諸如此類的錯(cuò)誤。細(xì)節(jié)決定成敗,切莫因?yàn)榧?xì)處的不完善而增加訪問者的不滿從而丟失潛在客戶。斯坦福大學(xué)總結(jié)的網(wǎng)站可信性建設(shè)的十大準(zhǔn)則,其中也包括:網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)的專業(yè)性;避免文字錯(cuò)誤,無論是多么微小的失誤!

(五)持續(xù)的網(wǎng)站維護(hù)

網(wǎng)站建好后不意味著一勞永逸,必須有持續(xù)、有效的維護(hù)和改進(jìn)。內(nèi)容很少更新的網(wǎng)站既對訪問者沒有吸引力,也影響搜索引擎的排名。網(wǎng)站更新除了增刪產(chǎn)品圖片,還可增加文字頁面,如產(chǎn)品介紹、市場變化、企業(yè)動態(tài)等。因?yàn)檫@種內(nèi)容不但利于提高客戶興趣,而且更容易被搜索引擎抓取?！霸诰€反饋”功能可視企業(yè)人員情況決定是否安裝,如果安裝了,一定要有人能及時(shí)答復(fù)客戶,以免影響客戶對網(wǎng)站的信任度。

篇7

智力是優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動員的必備素質(zhì)，在世界競技體育迅猛發(fā)展和競爭日趨激烈的今天，對運(yùn)動員的智力水平要求越來越高，特別是在一些技戰(zhàn)術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的運(yùn)動項(xiàng)目中表現(xiàn)得更為突出。這就要求在運(yùn)動員的早期選材中必須重視智力因素，以提高選材、育材的成功率。

由于決定一個(gè)人智力水平的因素較多，衡量智力的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚不統(tǒng)一，很難將智力量化。目前，一般仍然采用韋氏(WAIS)量表和瑞文量表測試法來評定一個(gè)人的智力水平，而這種測試方法比較繁瑣，在早期基層選材實(shí)踐中難以實(shí)施。從80年代開始，有人根據(jù)人類遺傳學(xué)的一因多效和連鎖遺傳的原理，探討皮紋與智力的相關(guān)性，以期應(yīng)用皮紋進(jìn)行選材。但是，多數(shù)學(xué)者所選用的實(shí)驗(yàn)對象為成人或優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動員，與早期實(shí)際選材相脫節(jié)，加之學(xué)者們的研究結(jié)果在某些指標(biāo)上表現(xiàn)不盡相同和研究的樣本量較小，誤差較大等因素，使皮紋選材的理論體系尚不夠完善。本研究的目的就是對某些有爭議的皮紋指標(biāo)進(jìn)一步研究，以確定與智力的相關(guān)性。同時(shí)，對一些尚未開發(fā)的皮紋指標(biāo)進(jìn)行探討，發(fā)現(xiàn)其與智力的相關(guān)程度及規(guī)律，以期完善皮紋選材理論體系，最終為科學(xué)選材實(shí)踐服務(wù)。

1　研究方法

1.1　智商的測定

采用我國學(xué)者李丹等修訂的瑞文測驗(yàn)聯(lián)合型，對曲阜師范大學(xué)附中、附小和曲阜市實(shí)驗(yàn)小學(xué)的8～13歲的767名中、小學(xué)生嚴(yán)格按照要求進(jìn)行團(tuán)體測試，考慮到受試者中有部分農(nóng)村兒童，故用中國農(nóng)村兒童常模換算每一個(gè)受試者的智商分值。

1.2　皮紋的拓取和指標(biāo)的測定

在以班為單位測試智商的基礎(chǔ)上，嚴(yán)格按照掌紋采樣要求，由專人拓取每人掌紋，剔除掌紋中無三叉點(diǎn)a或t者和模糊不清者，得有效皮紋樣本723份(男365人、女358人)，均為漢族學(xué)生。應(yīng)用cummins等皮膚紋理圖像分析法，借助放大鏡、直尺、量角器等觀察測量掌三叉(atd角)。指三叉點(diǎn)a和b間的嵴紋數(shù)目(a—bRC)、指紋強(qiáng)度(TFRC)、斗型紋(W，雙箕Wd)、箕型紋(L，尺箕Lu，橈箕Lr)、弓型紋(A)、通貫手(SC)、大魚際真實(shí)花紋(TAtp)、小魚際真實(shí)花紋(HAtp)、第3指間區(qū)花紋(I3)、第4指間區(qū)花紋(I4)、指白線等指標(biāo)。

1.3　數(shù)據(jù)處理

對所測各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均輸入微機(jī)進(jìn)行處理，分別計(jì)算各指標(biāo)的平均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差或出現(xiàn)百分率，采用t檢驗(yàn)，方差分析、相關(guān)分析、多元線性回歸及多元逐步回歸分析，顯著性水平p＜0.05。

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1　男、女生IQ與皮紋類型分布

篇8

Bikes or Cars

Americans like to go out by car. Although more and more Chinese own cars,most Chinese still like to ride bicycles, This is determined by a lot of factors.

As we all know, the bike advances slowly by manpower, but it can be placed wherever it is convenient However, as for the car, although it can run fast by engine, it must be parked at parking places.

Most Americans live in the suburb which is far from urban areas and their working places. So they need cars to go shopping and go to work. And they also like traveling far. Thus a car brings them great convenience.

On the contrary, most Chinese live near their working areas and markets.They don't need a car to go to work or go shopping.I would like to ride a bike, because it costs little and it is easy to use and won't cause pollution.

【參考譯文】

自行車還是汽車

美國人喜歡乘汽車外出。盡管越采越多的中國人擁有了汽車，但大部分中國人仍喜歡騎自行車，這是由很多因素決定的。

眾所周知，自行車靠人力，行進(jìn)慢，但可以在方便的地方停放。然而對于汽車來說，雖然它依靠發(fā)動機(jī)行進(jìn)很快，但它必須停在停車場。

篇9

關(guān)鍵詞：漏電保護(hù)器；誤動；拒動；越級跳閘；保護(hù)盲區(qū)；應(yīng)對措施 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼：A

中圖分類號：TM588 文章編號：1009-2374（2015）24-0136-02 DOI：10.13535/ki.11-4406/n.2015.24.067

在低壓配網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)中，科學(xué)地選擇、安裝、運(yùn)行管理漏電保護(hù)器可以提高供電可靠性，對保證人身和設(shè)備安全具有相當(dāng)重要的作用。但在實(shí)際工作中，由于安裝、運(yùn)行管理知識的匱乏，致使漏電保護(hù)器不能安全、可靠運(yùn)行，下文就運(yùn)行中的常見問題進(jìn)行分析。

1 漏電保護(hù)器發(fā)生誤動的原因

漏電保護(hù)器發(fā)生誤動的原因主要有：（1）漏電保護(hù)器暴露在較強(qiáng)的電磁場環(huán)境中，容易誘發(fā)動作信號，在沒有漏電的情況下，產(chǎn)生誤動；（2）由于負(fù)荷較大，當(dāng)開關(guān)合閘時(shí)對漏電保護(hù)器產(chǎn)生較強(qiáng)的沖擊信號，造成誤動；（3）中性線重復(fù)接地可能造成串流誤動；（4）漏電保護(hù)器額定動作電流過低引起誤動。

曾經(jīng)在一次專項(xiàng)檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)農(nóng)村低壓用戶私自拆除漏電保護(hù)器。拆除的原因是：每次啟動潛水泵時(shí)，漏電保護(hù)器都會跳閘，導(dǎo)致潛水泵無法工作。通過對漏電保護(hù)器進(jìn)行檢查，發(fā)現(xiàn)該用戶漏電保護(hù)器額定動作電流為15mA。因微型潛水泵及其部分線纜泡在水中，泄露電流較大，超過15mA，用戶所選漏電保護(hù)器靈敏度過高，因此造成漏電保護(hù)器頻繁跳閘。

所以，科學(xué)地選擇額定漏電動作電流值對于漏電保護(hù)器安全、可靠運(yùn)行是非常重要的，選擇漏電動作電流值應(yīng)考慮兩方面因素：一是泄漏電流值超過漏電動作電流值時(shí)，漏電保護(hù)器可有選擇地動作；二是漏電保護(hù)器存在正常泄漏電流，正常泄漏電流小于漏電動作電流值時(shí)漏電保護(hù)器不應(yīng)動作。

2 漏電保護(hù)器發(fā)生拒動的原因

電網(wǎng)發(fā)生接地，漏電保護(hù)器由以下原因產(chǎn)生拒動：（1）在安裝中性線時(shí)，將中性線設(shè)置為多點(diǎn)重復(fù)接地，漏電保護(hù)器會產(chǎn)生分流拒動；（2）當(dāng)電源缺相時(shí)，所缺相是漏電保護(hù)器的工作電源時(shí)，會產(chǎn)生拒動；（3）漏電保護(hù)器分級保護(hù)不匹配引起越級跳閘。

目前，完成農(nóng)網(wǎng)改造的配電臺區(qū)都已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了漏電保護(hù)分級保護(hù)。但在實(shí)際使用中，由于選擇動作時(shí)間和動作電流值不恰當(dāng)，導(dǎo)致各級漏電保護(hù)器配合不到位，發(fā)生事故時(shí)，下一級漏電保護(hù)器動作跳閘的同時(shí)，上一級漏電保護(hù)器也一起斷開，引起越級跳閘，從而失去了分級保護(hù)的意義和作用。

3.1 總保護(hù)動作電流值的選擇

安裝總漏電保護(hù)器時(shí)，應(yīng)盡可能靠近低壓電源進(jìn)線端。以保證其保護(hù)范圍覆蓋供電的低壓網(wǎng)絡(luò)。所以，應(yīng)根據(jù)保護(hù)范圍內(nèi)的設(shè)備容量的大小、特性選擇總漏電保護(hù)器的動作特性。即依據(jù)保護(hù)范圍內(nèi)的設(shè)備容量的大小、特性來確定總漏電保護(hù)器額定動作電流值和動作

時(shí)間。

實(shí)際工作中，首先應(yīng)考慮到總保、分保、家保三級漏電保護(hù)器之間的銜接、配合，以確保分級保護(hù)的有效性，所以總保在動作電流值和動作時(shí)間的選擇上應(yīng)大于分保的動作電流值和動作時(shí)間。因此，總保首選低靈敏度延時(shí)型，額定動作電流值應(yīng)大于最大三相不平衡電流的2倍。

3.2 分支漏電保護(hù)器動作電流值的選擇

分支漏電保護(hù)器的額定動作電流值不應(yīng)大于總漏電保護(hù)器的定值。根據(jù)實(shí)際運(yùn)行資料分析，在分支漏電保護(hù)系統(tǒng)中，為保證分支漏電保護(hù)器安全、可靠動作，消除誤動現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)以實(shí)際檢測的線路最大泄漏電流為基數(shù)，乘以2.5倍作為分支電路漏電保護(hù)器的動作電流值。同時(shí)對照檢測的，分支電路漏電保護(hù)器的動作電流值應(yīng)是最大設(shè)備泄漏電流值的4倍以上。

在需要保護(hù)有兩條以上支線的單相線路時(shí)，可按每戶允許剩余電流與用戶數(shù)乘積的2倍確定額定剩余電流動作值，也可按照實(shí)測值確定。

3.3 末端漏電保護(hù)器動作電流值的選擇

末端漏電保護(hù)器的動作電流值，應(yīng)不大于30mA。對容量較大的單臺設(shè)備，應(yīng)選用動作電流值大于設(shè)備正常泄漏電流值的4倍的漏電保護(hù)器。一般選用30mA以上100mA以下快速動作的漏電保護(hù)器。

3.4 各級漏電保護(hù)器動作時(shí)間級差的合理選擇

在各級漏電保護(hù)系統(tǒng)中，應(yīng)依據(jù)額定動作電流值與動作時(shí)間協(xié)調(diào)配合的原則，來科學(xué)、合理的選擇各級漏電保護(hù)器動作特性，在一般情況下，不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)越級跳閘、同步跳閘等導(dǎo)致大面積停電的現(xiàn)象。

一般總漏電保護(hù)動作時(shí)間選擇延時(shí)0.1～2.0s，延時(shí)時(shí)間一般設(shè)置為：0.2、0.4、0.8、1.0、1.5s，延時(shí)動作特性可定為：在ⅠΔn（額定剩余動作電流）時(shí)，最大動作時(shí)間為額定的延時(shí)時(shí)間加0.1s；在5ⅠΔn時(shí)，最大動作時(shí)間為規(guī)定的延時(shí)時(shí)間。這樣就有效地保證了各級漏電保護(hù)其動作時(shí)間間隔為0.2s，上級最小動作時(shí)間與下級最大動作時(shí)間相隔有0.1s余地，末級漏電保護(hù)器動作時(shí)間應(yīng)不大于0.1s。

因此，要實(shí)現(xiàn)裝設(shè)分級漏電保護(hù)器盡可能縮小事故停電范圍的目的，就必須合理設(shè)置漏電保護(hù)器動作電流的級差配合和額定動作時(shí)間的級差配合，應(yīng)該做到上級漏電保護(hù)器額定動作電流大于下一檔，額定動作時(shí)間做到上級長于下級一檔。當(dāng)選擇上有困難時(shí)，上下級動作電流可選用同一檔，但保護(hù)動作時(shí)間應(yīng)上級比下級長

一檔。

4 三相負(fù)荷不平衡引起總漏電保護(hù)器誤動

當(dāng)前，農(nóng)村家用電器、電動工器具迅速普及，導(dǎo)致配變?nèi)嘭?fù)荷不平衡，引起配變中性點(diǎn)位移，中性點(diǎn)位移越嚴(yán)重，中性線上的不平衡電流越大。當(dāng)不平衡電流大于總漏電保護(hù)器的額定動作電流時(shí)，將導(dǎo)致總漏電保護(hù)器誤動。

針對此類情況，就必須重新統(tǒng)計(jì)各相實(shí)際負(fù)荷，并對負(fù)荷發(fā)展情況進(jìn)行預(yù)測，依據(jù)對各相負(fù)荷統(tǒng)計(jì)及預(yù)測情況，對負(fù)荷進(jìn)行科學(xué)調(diào)整，使三相負(fù)荷趨于平衡，將中性線上的電流控制在正常范圍內(nèi)，使總漏電保護(hù)器得以正常運(yùn)行。

5 其他注意事項(xiàng)

當(dāng)發(fā)生人體單相觸電事故時(shí)，即在負(fù)載側(cè)接觸一根相線（火線）時(shí)，此時(shí)電流通過相線―人體―大地，泄漏電流大于漏電保護(hù)器的動作電流，漏電保護(hù)器就及時(shí)跳閘，斷開電源。

如果人體站在干燥的木頭上或穿著絕緣鞋時(shí)，電流通過相線―人體―零線時(shí)，由于人體對地絕緣，對大地?zé)o泄漏電，漏電保護(hù)器就不跳閘，起不到保護(hù)作用。

在運(yùn)行中，部分人在漏電保護(hù)器動作時(shí)，圖省事、嫌麻煩，不認(rèn)真查找原因，而是采取了將漏電保護(hù)器短接或拆除的錯(cuò)誤方式，這種現(xiàn)象應(yīng)及時(shí)糾正。

低壓配電網(wǎng)中裝設(shè)漏電保護(hù)器是防止發(fā)生人身觸電傷亡事故、減小停電面積的有效辦法，但安裝了漏電保護(hù)器并不能代表不會發(fā)生事故，應(yīng)同時(shí)采取相應(yīng)的防止觸電和電氣設(shè)備損壞事故的技術(shù)措施，如安裝斷路器等，才能保證人身及設(shè)備的安全。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 剩余電流保護(hù)器的一般要求（GB6829-1995）[S].

[2] 剩余電流動作保護(hù)裝置安裝和運(yùn)行（GB13955-2005）[S].

[3] 漏電保護(hù)器農(nóng)村安裝運(yùn)行規(guī)程（SL445-2009）[S].

篇10

指紋識別技術(shù)是新近發(fā)展起來的一項(xiàng)高新技術(shù)。指紋識別是利用人體指紋的唯一性與不變性生理特征,將指紋作為人的一種“活的身份證”或一個(gè)隨身攜帶的特殊印章來進(jìn)行身份識別的一種技術(shù)。MBF200是富士通公司推出的一款固態(tài)指紋傳感器芯片,該芯片具有自動指紋檢測功能,可支持多種接口模式,設(shè)計(jì)方便。本文詳細(xì)介紹了MBF200的特性,給出了其在USB總線接口模式下的電路實(shí)現(xiàn)方法,以及讀取所采集數(shù)據(jù)的軟件流程。該設(shè)計(jì)可用于便攜式指紋數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)、智能卡系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)庫、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和當(dāng)?shù)卮鎯Φ陌踩M(jìn)入系統(tǒng),以及其它安全訪問控制系統(tǒng)。

2 MBF200的主要特點(diǎn)

MBF200具有高性能、低功耗和低成本等特點(diǎn),屬于電容性傳感器。其電容性傳感器陣列由二維金屬電極組成,所有金屬電極充當(dāng)一個(gè)電容板,接觸的手指充當(dāng)?shù)诙€(gè)電容板,器件表面的鈍化層作為兩板的絕緣層。當(dāng)手指觸摸傳感器表面時(shí),指紋的高低不平就會在傳感器陣列上產(chǎn)生變化的電容,從而引起二維陣列上電壓的變化,并形成指紋傳感圖像。其主要特點(diǎn)有:

是采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)COMS技術(shù)的電容性固態(tài)器件;

具有500dpi的分辨率;

傳感器面積為1.28cm×1.50cm;

傳感器陣列為256×300點(diǎn);

具有自動指紋檢測能力;

內(nèi)含8位模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器;

可提供三種總線接口形式;

帶有8位微處理器總線接口;

帶有全速USB接口和SPI接口;

可提供3.3V~5V的工作電壓;

5V工作電壓下的功耗小于70mW。

MBF200的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。其中256×300點(diǎn)傳感陣列用于產(chǎn)生感應(yīng)電壓;功能寄存器用于對芯片進(jìn)行操作控制;控制電路用于傳感器與外部接口電路的控制,主要負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)的讀出與寫入;地址索引寄存器與數(shù)據(jù)寄存器分別用于對功能寄存器的地址選擇及數(shù)據(jù)的讀寫;采樣保持及AD轉(zhuǎn)換電路用于對傳感陣列所產(chǎn)生的電壓進(jìn)行采樣。另外,多頻振蕩電路用于為芯片提供時(shí)鐘信號。

3 器件功能

3.1 功能寄存器

MBF200是可編程的傳感器芯片,它所具有的強(qiáng)大功能是通過內(nèi)部寄存器設(shè)置完成的。表1所列是這些功能寄存器的地址和功能。在對這些寄存器進(jìn)行操作時(shí),先向地址寄存器內(nèi)寫入所要訪問寄存器的地址,然后讀寫數(shù)據(jù)寄存器即可。

表1 MBF200中的功能寄存器

地 址 標(biāo) 識 功 能 0x00 RAH 行地址高位 0x01 RAL 行地址低位 0x02 CAL 列地址低位 0x03 REH 行末地址低位 0x04 REL 行末地址低位 0x05 CEL 列末地址低位 0x06 DTR 放電時(shí)間寄存器 0x07 DCR 放電電流寄存器 0x08 CTRLA 控制寄存器A 0x09 LTRLB 控制寄存器B 0x0A CTRLC 控制寄存器C 0x0B SRA 狀態(tài)寄存器 0x0C PGC 可編程增益控制寄存器 0x0D ICR 中斷控制寄存器 0x0E ISR 中斷狀態(tài)寄存器 0x0F THR 門限寄存器 0x10 CIDH 芯片標(biāo)識高 0x11 CIDL 芯片標(biāo)識低 0x12 TST 測試模式寄存器

由于列地址最大為256,所以,MBF200只有一個(gè)列開始寄存器CAL和一個(gè)列結(jié)束寄存器CEL。另外,THR用于在自動檢測指紋時(shí)設(shè)置門限電壓。PGC用于在A/D轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)設(shè)置放大器的增益。

3.2 MBF200的工作過程

MBF200的傳感器陣列由256列300行的傳感器單元組成。每一列有兩個(gè)采樣保持電路,每次捕獲一行指紋圖像數(shù)據(jù)。行捕獲分為兩個(gè)階段,第一階段,將電容板的被選行充電到3.3V或5V,在充電的同時(shí),一個(gè)內(nèi)部信號使能一個(gè)采樣保持電路以采樣被選行的電容單元電壓;第二階段是傳感器板放電階段,放電快慢由放電電流寄存器決定。放電階段結(jié)束后,可由一個(gè)內(nèi)部信號使能另一個(gè)采樣保持電路去采樣電容單元的最后電壓,充電電壓與放電電壓之差就是所要測量的有用傳感信號電壓。行捕獲結(jié)束之后,接著對該信號進(jìn)行數(shù)字化,從而完成一次采樣。實(shí)際上,該芯片的靈敏度是由放電電流和放電時(shí)間寄存器來調(diào)節(jié)的。

3.3 MBF200的接口模式

MBF200支持三種接口形式和四種操作模式,這四種操作模式相互獨(dú)立,不能同時(shí)工作。其功能如表2所列。

表2 MBF200的操作模式

MODE[1,0] 描 述 00 微處理器接口模式 01 SPI接口模式 10 USB模式,用內(nèi)部ROM 11 USB模式,用外部ROM

在微處理器接口模式中,可將MFB200與51系列8位單片機(jī)相連,且其接口形式非常簡單。需要說明的是,在該芯片中,地址選擇與數(shù)據(jù)寫入是分兩步完成的,先通過A0置0來寫地址索引寄存器,然后再對A0置1來讀寫對應(yīng)地址的數(shù)據(jù)寄存器。其操作真值表如表3所列。SPI是工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的同步串行接口,它允許8位數(shù)據(jù)同時(shí)、同步地被發(fā)送和接收,而且只用到如下信號:SCLK、SCS、MOSI、MISO、EXINT?？蓪⑾到y(tǒng)配置為SPI主操作(Master)與從操作(Slave),其接口形式與一般的串行接口方式一致,故此不再贅述。

表3 微處理器接口讀寫真值表

CS0 CS1 A0 RD WR 方 式 數(shù)據(jù)線 H X X X X 無效 高阻 X L X X X 無效 高阻 L H X H H 任意 高阻 L L L H 讀地址寄存器 輸出 L H L H L 寫地址寄存器 輸入 L H H L H 讀數(shù)據(jù)寄存器 輸出 L H H H L 寫數(shù)據(jù)寄存器 輸入

USB接口有兩種模式:一種是用芯片內(nèi)部的ROM來存儲設(shè)備信息,一種是用外部串行ROM來存儲設(shè)備信息。

4 MBF200的應(yīng)用

4.1 MBF200與USB的接口

由于USB總線接口具有即插即用特性,而且目前應(yīng)用比較廣泛,所以本文設(shè)計(jì)了MBF200在USB模式下的接口電路(如圖2所示)。其中MODE分別置為1、0,采用12MHz晶振,AIN用于模擬信號輸入方式選擇,ISET用于設(shè)置內(nèi)部參考電流,FSET用于設(shè)置內(nèi)部多頻振蕩器及自動指紋檢測速率。需要注意的是,在USB模式中,為芯片提供的電壓必需在3.3V~3.6V之間,由于該芯片的低功耗特點(diǎn),所以在設(shè)計(jì)中可以使用USB總線電源來滿足系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)要求。

USB接口使用三個(gè)端點(diǎn):其中端點(diǎn)0是控制端點(diǎn),用來控制對功能寄存器的讀寫;端點(diǎn)1是讀端點(diǎn),用來讀取經(jīng)過AD轉(zhuǎn)換后的指紋圖像數(shù)據(jù),它是以塊方式進(jìn)行讀取的,每次64個(gè)字節(jié);端點(diǎn)是2是中斷端點(diǎn),當(dāng)ISR(Interrupt Status Register)被置位時(shí),由它向端點(diǎn)2發(fā)送中斷信號。

4.2 軟件控制流程

該傳感器有多種接口方式及多種圖像獲取形式,這些都是通過內(nèi)部功能寄存器的設(shè)置來完成的。